Who is "Sirota"? Who belongs to children left without parental care? State protection of these citizens

A child who has lost his father and mother is considered an orphan. Can illegitimate children be called orphans? How does Islam interpret the position of orphans and illegitimate children in society? Does he view them as abandoned, victims of fate, or as ordinary children?

We are trying to find answers to these and other pressing questions regarding the problems of orphans, guardianship, fair treatment of them by society, and protection of their rights, relying on the Great Book of Life - the Koran. It is no coincidence that the word “orphan” is repeated more than twenty times in the Koran.

We hear a lot of kind things, comforting words, addressed to parents who have lost their children. People sympathize with them, condole with them, and feel sorry for them. But it is much less common to meet people who share the inconsolable grief of children left without parents. Busy with their own children and concerned about their well-being and prosperity family of origin, we do not pay attention to other children abandoned own parents or orphaned. Someone else's misfortune, someone else's pain and tragedy do not concern us. If only everything was fine with our houses and children. But is this right?

If a person considers himself a true Muslim, then according to the Koran, he must be merciful to orphans and try in every possible way to alleviate their pain and suffering. He must draw the attention of those around him to their sorrows and anxieties, to those who leave much to be desired. better conditions their lives, try to bring joy back to life, so that the smile that once faded in the child’s eyes sparkles brightly again, illuminating the wounded child’s soul with the light of hope.

And we are not talking only about orphans. Abandoned, illegitimate children, who according to Sharia are also considered orphans, need such care, our common attention and mercy. And their sorrows, their anxieties, are sometimes much stronger and deeper than those of orphans.

Here's what the Koran says about this: “Give them the names of their fathers. This is more just before God, And if their fathers are not known to you, (Call them) your brothers in faith, And loved ones (akin to your relatives). There will be no sin on you if you make a mistake (in naming them), And the sin is only in what your heart plans, Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." (Sura “Allies”; 5 verse.) This verse proves that children who do not know their real parents, who do not have a fatherless surname, are in greater need of guardianship:

1. This is what the Koran says about orphans: “About life near and far, And about orphans they ask you a question: Say: “To do good for them is the best thing that can be done.” And if you take them into your care, They will become your brothers - After all, God knows how to recognize those who do good from those who do evil. And if God wanted it. If He would send you (earthly) hardships, He is truly omnipotent and full of wisdom.” (“Cow”; verse 220)

“None of you will believe until he desires for his brother what he desires for himself.”

2. If you deeply reflect on the above verse, you can comprehend an amazingly wise philosophy of life: there should be a fair relationship between society and orphans, based on love and mercy. Instead of paternity by blood, paternity by faith is proclaimed, with religious guardianship and brotherhood taking the place of the father. This is the only acceptable way out to compensate the child for moral and psychological damage. Those who insult and offend orphans actually reject faith with their cruel actions.

3. Allah Tyaala says in the verse: “And if their fathers are not known to you.” That is we're talking about about illegitimate children. And they need to be treated even more gently than orphans whose fathers have died.

Now let’s try to take a comprehensive approach to studying the question: how does Islam characterize the position of orphans in society?

1. The meaning of the word “orphan”.

The word "orphan" is repeated more than twenty times in the Qur'an and is given in singular, dual and plural. An orphan is considered a full-fledged personality, not subject to criticism, accusations or humiliation. The word “orphan” suggests lonely children, separated from their families, deprived of attention, and is pronounced with the goal that society will take care of them, satisfy their needs and wants.

2. How does Islam present orphans in society?

As stated in Surah “The Cow” in verse 220 and in Surah “Allies” in verse 5, Islam emphasizes that orphans are our spiritual brothers in religion, brothers and sisters in Muslim society, which should not insult, humiliate or take advantage of an orphan. wealth. So that orphans do not feel alienated, they need to be greeted, greeted, congratulated, giving them attention and support in every possible way.

3. What is the first thing an orphan needs?

If you ask this question to those who have encountered problems with orphans, they will answer you: - In housing. And this, according to the words of Muhammad the Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family!), uttered in the Koran, is a common problem for most orphans: “ After all, didn’t he find you an orphan, didn’t he give you shelter and care?” (“Morning”; verse 6) This verse seems to advise that finding housing for an orphan is the most The best decision problems, the good that Allah mentioned in the Qur'an. Let's see: the Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family!) was cared for first by his grandfather, then by his uncle. Likewise, close people should first take care of an orphan, and if they are not there, then distant ones. The Constitution for all humanity should be a call to shelter an orphan and thereby prevent him from feeling his detachment.

The Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family!) said: “Whoever strokes the head of an orphan for the sake of Allah will receive a reward for every hair.” This hadith calls for compassionate treatment of orphans. This is a living picture from the Prophet, who was very concerned about the rights of orphans.

We analyzed the positive and effective attitude Islam to orphans. Main element, which had an effect is Iman, that is, the reward (like a garden that is waiting for its pickers to be near the Prophet on the Day of Judgment).

The Prophet said that on the Day of Judgment, like two fingers of one hand, he will be next to a woman who has lost her husband and raised her children with dignity. She was once beautiful, but because of everyday hardships and worries, her beauty faded.

The meaning of this hadith is as follows:

A). Mother is the most important thing for orphans.
b). The mother is the second person to whom the child resorts after the death of the father.
V). If a mother dies, then any other kind woman can take care of an orphan, for which he will be doubly rewarded.

4. Do we believe in the Koran?

Some people, unfortunately, do not accept this social problem seriously, but only theoretically - in words. But let's go back to the Koran, to Surah "The City", to verses 11-17, which says that someone who insults and humiliates an orphan rejects the faith: “But a person is in no hurry to choose a cool path! How can I explain to you what “coolness” means? Free a slave, Give food in days of hardship to an orphan who is close to you by blood, or to a poor person despised by others. And then you will become one of those who believes in God and humbly sympathizes, and does good with mercy.”

The orphan is exposed to poverty, want, and illness. Therefore, the one who “eats” the money of orphans is compared to a fire eater.

5. Who is responsible for the humiliation and abuse of orphans?

An orphan is not responsible for his situation. Society bears responsibility. Unfortunately, speaking about an orphan, we present a depressing picture: a humiliated tramp child walks from house to house with an outstretched hand in search of not only his daily bread, but also at least a little warmth of soul.

The Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family!) said: “The most best house A Muslim home is a home where an orphan is raised and cared for well, and the worst Muslim home is a home where an orphan is treated poorly.” Therefore, the Qur'an addresses society: “They are looking for instructions from you regarding their women. Say: “Allah gives you instructions about them And what is read to you in this book, And about the orphans to whom you do not give what you are prescribed to give, Wanting to take them as wives, About defenseless weak children, And so that always to all orphans , You strictly observed justice, And so that you do no good, the Lord truly knows about it!

(Sura “Women”; 127 verses). Islam has clearly and comprehensively defined the position of orphans in society in order to avoid their humiliation and insults. Caring for an orphan is a great benefit for the person taking care of him, one of the ways of forgiveness and going to Heaven.

The Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family!) said: “Whoever takes an orphan child from among the Muslims to feed him, with the permission of Allah he will go to Paradise, unless he commits a sin that cannot be forgiven.”

Without any exaggeration, we can say that caring for an orphan is a cure for bitter, heartless people. One man approached the Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family!) complaining about the hardness of his heart, and the Prophet advised him to feed the poor and pat the orphan on the head.

We hope that by giving these examples, we seem to have stroked the heads of little orphans who, like flowers in a garden, are waiting for water and care. We also hope that this open letter, a message to our society with a call to take care of orphans and responsibility for them, will be heard by our fellow citizens and will reach the hearts of everyone. The Almighty created orphans for life, and we, leaving them without attention, humiliating them and causing them pain, seem to be striving to trample and destroy them. If Allah created these green branches so that they could bear fruit, how can we cut them off and use them as firewood?

We are sure that in the Muslim world there are people who are ready to caress an orphan, wipe away his tears, caress him, and take care of him. And this kindness will remain in the hearts of many people until the day of judgment.

No matter how much we talk, we cannot truly feel what orphans feel, deprived parental love and community concerns. But we can become those who with a pure heart and with a selfless desire to support orphans, wipes away their tears, heals the wounds they once received.

1. Social orphanhood as a social phenomenon in Russia.

1.1. The concept of social orphanhood and its causes.

In any state, in any society there have always been, are and will be children who, for some reason, were left without parental care. In this case, society and the state take care of such children. Currently, in everyday speech and in theoretical research, two concepts are widely used - orphan (orphanhood) and social orphan ( social orphanhood). Let's try to distinguish between these concepts.

Orphans are children under the age of majority whose both or only parent has died.

A social orphan is a child who has biological parents, but for some reason they do not raise the child and do not care for him. These are also children whose parents are not legally deprived of parental rights, but do not actually care about their children.

Social orphanhood is a social phenomenon that is caused by the presence in society of children left without parental care due to their deprivation parental rights, recognition of parents as incompetent, missing, etc.

Currently there are the following types orphanhood:

1. children whose parents died early (actually orphans)

2. children whose parents are deprived of parental rights (disenfranchised)

3. children whose parents have renounced parental rights (refuseniks)

4. children who are brought up in a boarding school far from their parents, so that their parents practically do not participate in their upbringing (boarding school orphans)

5. children who have a complete set of parents, and the child lives with them, but they have no time for the child (orphans). In this case, parents and children are either strangers to each other or are in an antagonistic relationship.

In all these cases, except the first, we are talking specifically about social orphanhood.

Guardianship and guardianship are very important concepts. Let's give them a definition.

Guardianship is a form of protection of personal and property rights and interests of minors (and some other categories of people). Close to the concept of guardianship.

Guardianship is “a form of protection of personal and property rights of incapacitated persons (children who have lost their parents, the mentally ill).” Guardianship is also the persons and institutions entrusted with this supervision. So what is the difference between guardianship and trusteeship? A much wider category of children falls under care. These are children whose parents: have died, are deprived of parental rights, have limited parental rights, are declared missing, are incapacitated (limitedly capable), are serving sentences in penal colonies, are accused of committing crimes and are in custody, are evading raising children, are refusing to pick up children from medical and social institutions where the child is placed temporarily.

Currently, social orphanhood is expanding significantly, and new characteristics are appearing. The so-called “hidden” social orphanhood arose. It is spreading as a result of deteriorating living conditions for a significant part of families and a decline in the moral foundations of the family. And as a result, attitudes towards children change, up to their complete displacement from families, and the homelessness of a large number of children and adolescents increases.

Orphanhood is a factor due to which a child loses connections with the social environment around him, with the world of adults and peers who develop in the most favorable conditions, thereby causing profound secondary disturbances in personality development.

In recent decades, the features of Russia have become:

1. exacerbation of contradictions between the life attitudes of generations and different layers of society

2.a sharp drop in the standard of living of the majority of the population

3. a sharp and progressive weakening of ethical motivations in society, which is largely facilitated by the dawn of mass culture.

The crisis of the modern family, as stated by experts, has had a negative impact on the state of childhood in

country, leading to an increase in social orphanhood and an increase in the number of such specific institutions as orphanages and boarding schools. For the first time, their overconsolidation became a problem.

In the context of ongoing instability in the socio-economic and political life of the country, the number of children who find themselves in particularly difficult conditions continues to grow. Among them are orphans, socially maladjusted children and young criminals, disabled children, refugee children and internally displaced persons, children living in unfavorable environmental conditions.

The range of causes of childhood problems is very wide. Among the significant factors, crisis phenomena in the family should be highlighted: disruption of its structure and functions, an increase in the number of divorces and the number of single-parent families, antisocial image the lives of a number of families; a decline in living standards, deterioration in living conditions for children, an increase in psycho-emotional stress in the adult population, which directly affects children; the spread of child abuse in families and residential institutions with a decrease in responsibility for their fate.

What's happening in society sudden change value orientation, psychological disadaptation of a significant part of the population, and a decline in moral standards negatively affects the process of socialization of children and adolescents.

Growing scale antisocial behavior stimulate development among adults

similar processes in the children's environment.

Among immediate causes social orphanhood we name the following:

voluntary abandonment by parents (usually a mother) of their minor child, most often this is the abandonment of a newborn in a maternity hospital. From a legal point of view, child abandonment is a legal act that is officially confirmed by a special legal document. Within 3 months

the parents (mother) can change their decision and the child can be returned to the family. · forced removal of a child from the family, when in order to protect the rights, life and interests of the child, parents are deprived of parental rights. This mainly happens with dysfunctional families in which the parents suffer

alcoholism, drug addiction, lead an antisocial lifestyle, are incompetent, etc. Deprivation of parental rights is also a legal act that is carried out by court decision and documented in a special legal document. · death of parents. This may also include children lost due to any natural or social disasters that force the population

countries to chaotic migration.

Unfortunately, orphans who do not have a positive experience of family life, brought up in state institutions, whose educational systems are far from perfect, often repeat the fate of their parents, as they are subsequently deprived of parental rights, thereby expanding the field of social orphanhood.

1.2.Social-psychological-pedagogical portrait of orphans.

“If pedagogy wants to educate a person in all respects,

Then she must first get to know him in all respects.”

K.D. Ushinsky.

Most social orphans end up in government institutions from dysfunctional families, where from an early age they were deprived of empathic communication and where they were treated cruelly. The parents of many of these children are alcoholics, drug addicts, leading an asocial and immoral lifestyle. Such families do not fulfill their basic functions. Many authors L.I. Bozhovich, M.I. Lisina and others note that the family is the most important institution for the socialization of the individual, and intrafamily relationships play special role in the formation of the younger generation. Communication with adults is the main way for a child to show activity. It is in the process of communicating with an adult that a child learns and assimilates the rules of human relationships, accepts the norms, concepts and values ​​of society.

Numerous studies conducted by L.I. Bozhovich, I.V. Dubrovina, M.I. Lisina and others are devoted to the analysis of the unfavorable consequences of raising children in public institutions. Outside the family, a child develops specific character traits, behavior, and personality, about which it is impossible to say whether they are worse or better than those of a child raised in a family - they are simply different.

Specific conditions contribute to this orphanage:

1. Frequent turnover of adults in the institution, which breaks the continuity of the child’s relationships and experience;

2. Limited contact with the outside world;

3. The specific position of teachers, in which the child is the object of care, education and training, in contrast to the “event-based” position of an adult in the family;

4. Group approach to children and lack of emotional contact, which entails undifferentiation and unawareness of one’s “I”.

5. Strict regulation of all the child’s actions in the institution, leaving no opportunity for choice and responsibility.

The specific conditions of an orphanage significantly influence emotional development children. Particular differences are noted among children caught in Orphanage from birth. A significant proportion of children become orphans already in maternity hospital due to mothers abandoning them.

Currently, there is data on the influence of information connections between the expectant mother and the fetus on the formation of the mental functions of the unborn child. Disturbances not only in the somatic, but also in the mental sphere of a pregnant woman can have a negative impact on the development of a child. One of the most powerful psychotraumatic factors for an expectant mother is carrying an unwanted pregnancy. This is one of the reasons why many abandoned children, even with good care, grow up with behavioral abnormalities and have intellectual and neurotic disorders.

Infants raised without parents, much later than children from families, have a need to communicate with adults and develop direct emotional communication. Facial reactions, gestural, general motor reactions, sound reactions in the “revitalization complex” are inhibited or simply not developed. In the second half of life, orphans do not develop affective and personal connections with an adult: they do not strive to share their emotions with him, do not seek his empathy in a new or frightening situation. All this leads to a decrease in the general, including cognitive and emotional activity of children. Communication itself is characterized by lethargy, lack of initiative, poverty of communication means, this is manifested in the impoverishment of the emotional response to the call, human speech, a quiet voice, the novelty of the situation, the personalities of the people around.

Summarizing the results of a study of the mental development of children raised outside the family, E.O. Smirnova, L.N. Galiguzova, T.E. Ermolova et al. believe that at the age of one to three years, an additional number of features are added to the existing psychological characteristics that distinguish children from orphanages from their peers from the family:

decreased curiosity;

speech development delay;

delay in mastering objective actions;

emotional insensitivity to the attitude of an adult;

lack of desire for independence;

lack of tendencies towards partnership in gaming activities.

Psychiatric, neurological and psychological examination of children in orphanages shows that separation from the mother in the first year of life leads to depressive disorders in the child. Clinical symptoms of depression affect three areas: emotional, motor and cognitive. Emotional disorders manifest themselves in a depressive mood in the form of sadness, apathy, and indifference. There is a gradual deepening of the emotional deficit. Motor disorders as part of depressive disorders are characterized by low expressiveness of facial expressions. Stereotyped and habitual actions take place - finger sucking, biting lips, fingers, hair pulling, scratching. Inhibition of cognitive reactions is manifested in a decrease in general activity and poor development of play activities.

During the preschool period, children living in orphanages experience the following: their time plan of action is poorly developed, they do not identify and record their actions in their consciousness, and do not plan future actions. Their past and future are connected only with routine moments (“sleep”, “eat”, “walk”) and are limited to one day.

Preschool children in orphanages often exhibit psychogenic reactions to the conditions of their upbringing: tearfulness, depression, inhibition or, conversely, irritability, aggressiveness; decreased emotionality and passivity in all types of activities are detected. Unlike preschoolers raised in families, orphans lack the ability to empathize with other people, both adults and peers. For children living outside the family, there is virtually no role-playing interaction with peers in play.

Features of the psychological development of children left without parental care of preschool age are reflected in the works of such researchers as A.I. Kravchenko, I.V. Dubrovina, A.D. Andreeva, P.D. Pavlenok, K.D. Ushinsky, Flake-Hobson K. et al.

Studies by Russian and Western psychologists provide a comparative description of children left without parental care. The general physical and mental development of children raised without parental care differs from the development of peers growing up in families. They have a slow pace of mental development, a number of negative features: a low level of intellectual development, poor emotional sphere and imagination, late formation of self-regulation skills and correct behavior. The behavior of these children is characterized by irritability, outbursts of anger, aggression, exaggerated reactions to events and relationships, touchiness, provoking conflicts with peers, and inability to communicate with them. Let's consider the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of orphans of different ages.

1.Preschool age. Children before school age in (SU) they are characterized by reduced cognitive activity, delayed speech development, delayed mental development, lack of communication skills, and conflicts in relationships with peers. Replacing family with life in an institution has the greatest negative impact on a child in the first seven years of life. The absence of the only adult close and significant to the child, and a general lack of communication with adults, do not contribute to the development of a child’s sense of attachment. IN later life This makes it difficult to develop the ability to share your experiences with other people, which is extremely important for the subsequent development of empathy. Research by N.N. Avdeeva shows that children from (SU) begin to recognize themselves in the mirror much later; they become frightened by their reflection and begin to cry. It can be assumed that the development of a sense of self-identity in orphans occurs much later than in children who grow up in a family. (1, p. 5-13) According to T.P. Gavrilova, the crisis of three years occurs in these children in an erased form , is late. Pride in achievement - such a personal new formation of preschool age - is formed defectively in these children. Developmental deficiencies in the emotional sphere are most clearly manifested. Children have difficulty distinguishing the emotions of an adult, do not differentiate them well, and have a limited ability to understand others and themselves. They conflict with peers, cannot interact with them, and do not notice their violent emotional reactions. These children have a disrupted understanding of the temporal characteristics of the development of their personality: they know nothing about themselves in the past, they do not see their future. Their ideas about their own family are vague. The uncertainty of one’s own past and the reasons for one’s own social orphanhood prevents the formation of self-identity. They have difficulty imagining their future and are focused only on the immediate future - going to school, studying. The struggle for a new identity when they enter childcare facility- one of the main problems of these children during the period of correction of deprivation. Failure to satisfy the need to communicate with peers and adults leads to impairments in mastering gaming activities. Orphans often did not have toys or books at home, do not know any games, and therefore, when they get to the (SU), they do not know how to play with toys and games. They quickly break, spoil and lose toys, and primitively use them in play. Their main activities on the street are running around, catching up and teasing, or avoiding everyone, loneliness, and doing nothing.

2. Junior school age. School-age children have developmental disabilities in the intellectual sphere, often do not attend school, and have difficulty learning educational material, they have a delay in the development of thinking, underdeveloped self-regulation, and the ability to manage themselves. All these features of younger schoolchildren lead to a lag in mastering academic skills and abilities and low quality of learning. Many of them enter first grade, significantly outgrowing their classmates. As a rule, they are already 7-8, and sometimes 10 years old. According to research by A.M. Prikhozhan, N.N. Tolstykh, children 7-8 years old who came to school from (SU) do not know how to play either role-playing games, games with rules, or dramatization games, in which children improvise on the themes of their favorite books, cartoons, and television shows. Games that bring joy and pleasure to their peers are not available to them. Lack of play at this age indicates missed opportunities that are unlikely to be made up for. The desire to attract the attention of an adult and earn his praise is so great among first-graders from (SU) that it underlies the children’s readiness to carry out the teacher’s educational tasks. At this time, this signals the lack of an adequate relationship between the student and the teacher, which negatively affects the formation of full-fledged educational activities and the development of the personality of the junior schoolchild. Pupils from an early age live in conditions of a lack of communication with adults. Limited, mostly group, communication between children and adults does not give the child independence.

3. Teenage children. Adolescents are characterized by difficulties in relationships with people around them, superficiality of feelings, dependency, the habit of living at the behest of others, difficulties in relationships, disturbances in the sphere of self-awareness (from the experience of permissiveness to inferiority), worsening difficulties in mastering educational material, manifestations of gross violation of discipline (vagrancy, theft, various forms of delinquent behavior). In relationships with adults, they experience feelings of uselessness, loss of their value and the value of another person. According to A.L. Likhtarnikov, adolescents deprived of parental care have ideas about happy man and about happiness differ significantly from the ideas of children from normal families. The most common responses of adolescents from (SU) indicators of happiness are: food, sweets, toys, gifts, clothes. These “material” characteristics show that even for fifteen-year-old teenagers, a toy is a necessary attribute of happiness. Turning to a toy allows a teenager to compensate for the lack of emotional warmth and unsatisfied social needs. Among adolescents deprived of parental care, 43% note a minimum of signs of a happy person, which can be interpreted as the position “I am unhappy,” and only 17% of such adolescents were found in normal families. The experience of loneliness among adolescents from (SU) is 70%. Only 1% do not see a way out of the state of loneliness, and the rest see getting rid of it in finding a friend, finding a family, reaching a compromise in conflict situations, change in emotional state. The methods of such change for many teenagers are not constructive (for example, drink, smoke, go for a walk...). When working with adolescents from (SU), one should take into account their often characteristic state of helplessness. The concept of “helplessness” is considered as that state of a person when he cannot cope with something himself, does not receive and cannot ask for help from others, or is in an uncomfortable state. In adolescents from (SU), this condition is associated with specific situations: the inability to change relationships with parents, teachers, and peers; inability to make independent decisions or choices and other difficulties. The experience of a state of helplessness can also arise as a reaction to grief, the loss of a loved one, or separation from him. In this situation, a teenager may experience a painful violation of ideas about the future: “How will I live now?”, “What should I do alone in this world?”, “Who needs me on earth?”

4. Youth. Youth are characterized by a special process of socialization. They are characterized by the following specific features: 1. inability to communicate with people outside the institution,

2.difficulty establishing contacts with adults and peers,

3.alienation and distrust of people, detachment from them; 4. disturbances in the development of feelings, which do not allow one to understand others, accept them, relying only on one’s own desires and feelings; 5. low level of social intelligence, which makes it difficult to understand social norms, rules, and the need to comply with them; 6. a poorly developed sense of responsibility for one’s actions, indifference to the fate of those who connected their lives with them, a feeling of jealousy towards them; 7.consumer psychology in relationships with loved ones, the state, and society; 8. lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem, lack of permanent friends and support from them; 9.lack of formation of the volitional sphere, lack of determination aimed at future life; most often, determination is manifested only in achieving the immediate goal: getting what you want, what is attractive; 10.unformed life plans, life values, the need to satisfy only the most basic needs (food, clothing, housing, entertainment); 11.low social activity, desire to be invisible, not to attract attention; 12.tendency to additive (self-destructive) behavior - abuse of one or more psychoactive substances, usually without signs of dependence (smoking, drinking alcohol, recreational drugs, toxic and medicinal substances); this can serve as a kind of regressive form of psychological defense. Young people are on the verge of an independent life for which they do not consider themselves ready. On the one hand, they want to live independently, separately, to be independent from anyone, but on the other hand, they are afraid of this independence, because they understand that without the support of their parents and relatives they will not survive, and they cannot count on it. This duality of feelings and desires leads to dissatisfaction with one’s life and oneself.

2. Problems of training and education of children from orphanages.

2.1.The problem of deviant behavior.

Deviant behavior is behavior that deviates from generally accepted, socially approved, most widespread and established norms in certain communities at a certain period of their development.

The problem of deviant behavior has been in the spotlight since its inception. sociology. Emile Durkheim, who wrote the classic work "Suicide" ( 1897 ), considered one of the founders of modern deviantology.

Deviant - individual, differing in its personal characteristics and behavioral manifestations from generally accepted norms: social, psychological, ethnic, pedagogical, age, professional and others.

Classification of deviant behavior

V. N. Ivanov distinguishes two levels of deviant behavior:

1. Pre-criminogenic: minor offenses, violation of moral standards, rules of conduct in public places, evasion of socially useful activities, use of alcohol, narcotic, toxic substances that destroy the psyche, and other forms of behavior that do not pose a danger.

2. Criminogenic: actions and deeds that are expressed in criminal offenses.

The “core” of deviant behavior in F. Pataki’s classification is:

- crime;

- alcoholism;

- addiction;

- suicide;

- “pre-deviant syndrome” is a complex of certain symptoms that lead a person to persistent forms of deviant behavior. Namely:

affective type of behavior;

family conflicts;

aggressive type of behavior;

early antisocial behavior;

negative attitude towards learning;

low level of intelligence.

The classification of V.V. Kovalev is built on three different bases:

1) socio-psychological:

Anti-disciplinary behavior;

Asocial;

Illegal;

Auto-aggressive.

2) clinical-psychopathological:

Pathological;

Non-pathological deviations.

3) personal-dynamic:

- "reactions";

- "development";

- "states.

Forms of deviant behavior - gambling (gaming addiction) and food deviation

-anorexia

-bulimia

Sexual deviations

-pedophilia

-bestiality

-necrophilia

-Alcohol addiction

-Addiction

-Workaholism

-Kleptomania

Signs of deviant behavior

1) Deviant personal behavior is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms.

2) Deviant behavior and the personality that manifests it causes negative evaluation from other people (condemnation, social sanctions).

3) Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to the people around him. Thus, deviant behavior destructive or self-destructive.

4) Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeated (repeated or prolonged).

5) Deviant behavior must be consistent with the general orientation of the individual.

6) Deviant behavior is considered within the limits of the medical norm.

7) Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladjustment.

8) Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender specificity.

The term “deviant behavior” can be applied to children at least 5 years old.

Thus, deviant behavior is a stable behavior of an individual, deviating from the most important social norms, causing real damage to society or the individual himself, and also accompanied by social maladjustment.

The crisis of the modern family,

The crisis of the modern family,

Shelters. But the most priority form of life arrangement for orphans and children left without parental care is family life arrangement: adoption, guardianship and trusteeship, foster family. The right of a child to live and be raised in a family is enshrined in Art. 54 RF IC. Therefore, children left without parental care are subject to placement in a family and only in the absence of such an opportunity - in boarding schools (Article 123 of the RF IC).

Types of orphans

The following groups of orphans can be distinguished:

1. orphans themselves: minor children whose parents have died;
2. “disenfranchised”: children of parents deprived of parental rights;
3. “refuseniks”: children of parents who renounced parental rights;
4. boarding orphans: children raised in a boarding school far from their parents, so that their parents practically do not participate in their upbringing;
5. conditional orphans: the child lives with his parents, but they have no time for the child.

Can be identified and grouped into 7 blocks social stereotypes about orphans:

1. orphans are children with poor biological heredity and a genetic predisposition to various diseases, including a tendency to manifest various kinds deviations;
2. orphans are susceptible to mental disorders;
3. orphans have bad physical health and predisposition to chronic diseases;
4. tendency to exhibit antisocial behavior;
5. children from orphanages do not adapt well to the social environment;
6. “ungratefulness” of an adopted child towards his adoptive parents;
7. social orphans are “poor”, “unhappy, abandoned children”.

Social orphans

One of important issues Russia is a social orphan. As the birth rate rises, other problems arise. Due to the growing alcoholism of fathers, the breakdown of families and poverty, many mothers abandon their children while still in the maternity hospital; in addition, alcoholic parents and criminals are deprived of parental rights. The so-called social orphanhood arose: orphans with living parents.

In 2012, there were about 650 thousand children in Russia without parental care. More than 70% of them were “social orphans” (their parents are alive, but do not want or cannot take care of the children). In 2011, there were almost 100 thousand orphans in Ukraine, 70% of them were social orphans.

But many children living in families also have a sad fate. Conflicts in families and divorces, parental alcoholism, and poverty force many children to run away from home and wander around the country. There are about 1 million such street children - no one knows the exact number. There are even more - up to 2 million - street children, those who only spend the night at home, but during the day are left without parental supervision and are raised on the street. As a result, about 330 thousand crimes are committed by teenagers per year, and 2 thousand children commit suicide. About half of orphanage graduates disappear from society: some become alcoholics, others become criminals. At the same time, the state does not solve the problems of adoption and guardianship. Bureaucracy and low material support for families who have adopted a child create insurmountable difficulties for them. In such conditions, increasing the birth rate is of dubious value.

According to the report of the director of the Department of Education, additional education And social protection children of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation A. A. Levitskaya at the All-Russian meeting “Innovative approaches in the activities of guardianship and trusteeship authorities to protect the rights of children” in 2011. The stay of children in boarding schools has a negative impact on their health. The morbidity rate in orphanages doubles, and there is an increase in the number of children with physical and mental retardations. neuropsychic development, there is an increase in chronic morbidity. Fixed early age starting to smoke and use alcoholic drinks orphans (up to 11 years old). 30% of orphans are diagnosed with emotional disorders and behavioral disorders, a third of the deviations are due to hyperkinetic behavioral disorder, which is manifested by hyperactivity and impaired attention.

Since 2015, a national competition of media projects “Konek” has been held in Russia for socially responsible media in support of the prevention of social orphanhood.

In Russian federation

According to the report of the Commissioner for Children's Rights of the City of Moscow, Chairman of the Association of Commissioners for Children's Rights of the Subjects of the Russian Federation Alexei Golovan (Paris, October 22, 2008), as of January 1, 2007, there were 748 thousand children in Russia without parental care. . Most of of these children live in foster families (adoption, guardianship or foster family). There are about 150 thousand children in orphanages left without parental care. Orphans among them are 15-20%. At the same time, in Russia there has been a tendency to reduce the problem. As of October 2012, according to the Commissioner for Children's Rights Pavel Astakhov, there were 654 thousand orphans in the country. Over 5 years, the number of those left without parental care decreased by 94 thousand (a decrease of 12.5%). In some regions, orphanages are closing.

In the period from April 15, 2010 to July 13, 2011, there was a moratorium in Russia on the adoption of Russian children by US citizens. In December 2012, deputies E. Lakhova (United Russia) and E. Afanasyeva (LDPR) introduced a ban on the adoption of Russian orphans by American citizens into the bill being considered by the State Duma in response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act in the United States.

Attitude towards orphans in the Bible and Christianity

The image of an orphan, as an unprotected person in need of help, has been mentioned by Christians since ancient times, both in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, and in later Christian works.

Helping orphans has long been considered a charitable deed and one of the most important manifestations of charity. It was believed, and is still believed, that the Almighty Lord is especially attentive to orphans, widows and all those in need. In Psalm 67 of the Old Testament, God is called “Father of the fatherless and judge of widows in His holy habitation.”

In Psalm 9 of the Old Testament, addressing God, the psalmist says:

You see, for You look upon insults and oppression in order to repay with Your hand. The poor man betrays himself to you; to the orphan you are a helper.

The Old Testament commandments required “not to oppress the widow or the orphan.”

In the New Testament and throughout the subsequent history of Christianity, helping orphans is also considered a necessary and godly deed.

Pure and undefiled piety before God and the Father is to look after orphans and widows in their sorrows and to keep oneself undefiled from the world.

see also

• Yatim (Arabic يتيم - “Orphan”) - Arabic name

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Links

• - Internet portal about orphans in Russia and the CIS
• - website for graduates of orphanages
• // jyravlik.ru
• // vd-spb.ru

Notes

Excerpt characterizing Orphan

Kutuzov, through his spy, received news on November 1 that put the army he commanded in an almost hopeless situation. The spy reported that the French were in enormous forces, having crossed the Vienna bridge, they headed towards Kutuzov’s route of communication with the troops coming from Russia. If Kutuzov had decided to stay in Krems, then Napoleon’s army of one and a half thousand would have cut him off from all communications, surrounded his exhausted army of forty thousand, and he would have been in Mack’s position near Ulm. If Kutuzov had decided to leave the road that led to communications with troops from Russia, then he would have had to enter without a road into the unknown lands of the Bohemian
mountains, defending themselves from superior enemy forces, and abandoning all hope of communication with Buxhoeveden. If Kutuzov had decided to retreat along the road from Krems to Olmutz to join forces with troops from Russia, then he risked being warned on this road by the French who had crossed the bridge in Vienna, and thus being forced to accept battle on the march, with all the burdens and convoys, and dealing with an enemy three times his size and surrounding him on both sides.
Kutuzov chose this last exit.
The French, as the spy reported, having crossed the bridge in Vienna, were marching in an intensified march towards Znaim, which lay on Kutuzov’s retreat route, more than a hundred miles ahead of him. To reach Znaim before the French meant to have great hope of saving the army; to allow the French to warn themselves in Znaim would probably mean exposing the entire army to a disgrace similar to that of Ulm, or to general destruction. But it was impossible to warn the French with their entire army. The French road from Vienna to Znaim was shorter and better than the Russian road from Krems to Znaim.
On the night of receiving the news, Kutuzov sent Bagration’s four-thousand-strong vanguard to the right over the mountains from the Kremlin-Znaim road to the Vienna-Znaim road. Bagration had to go through this transition without rest, stop facing Vienna and back to Znaim, and if he managed to warn the French, he had to delay them as long as he could. Kutuzov himself, with all his hardships, set out for Znaim.

I am very sorry that you lost your father, but in defining the term “orphan” I would rather agree with your husband than with you. In the modern Russian understanding, an orphan is a person who has lost one or both parents due to the death of the latter. As a rule, this term is applied to children who have not yet reached adulthood.

But, despite this, everyone has the right to perceive the word “orphan” in their own way. So, for example, in the lexicon of Northern Russian lamentations, the word “orphan” refers to any person whose social condition changes as a result of the funeral. The scope of the meaning of the word “orphan” in the context of the ritual expands: it names not only children who have lost their parents, but anyone who has suffered a personal loss, survived the death of parents, children, wife or husband.

Also, for a better understanding of the term “orphan”, you can refer to explanatory dictionary Vladimir Dal.

ORphan - orphan, orphan, -dot, -tinka, -nochka, orphan. orphan, vyat. orphans, Nov. Siryak, eagle orphan m. orphan adj. Siromaha vol. south whoever does not have a father or mother, or does not have both, is an orphan. A rootless orphan with no close relatives.

This dictionary also provides examples of when the word “orphan” is used:

“Let us feed the greedy. We will give drink to the thirsty, clothe the naked and cover the orphans. To whom are you leaving orphans? crying for my husband. Orphan and widow, small and old. Without a husband, a wife is always an orphan. Orphan is our grandfather; neither father nor mother! Without an owner, the house is an orphan. Without an owner, the product cries (the product is an orphan). Without a horse, a Cossack is an orphan all around (even if the orphan weeps)! Commandless orphan commander. I fell behind and became an orphan. Going for a craft means orphaning the earth. Kazan orphan (a rogue pretending to be a poor man, from the former Murzas of Kazan). | Generally helpless, lonely, homeless, poor; in this meaning both old men and women call themselves orphans, and the same name applies to beggars and beggars. What a lot of orphans these days! arch. beggars. | Orphan, hard. empty buckwheat porridge. | south plant Bulbocodium ruthenicum, brunette, snitka, snedok, small snitka. | south ruff fish, Acerina rossica. Siroma f. collect Siromaha vol. Syromanian m. south. and zap. orphan, poor, naked, homeless, homeless. Orphanness the state of an orphan, orphanhood. To live in orphanhood, to shed tears. Sirotin, orphan, personally owned. orphan. Orphan care. Orphan's Court; - house. Orphan winter, warm. To become an orphan, to become an orphan, to lose parents. The father is breathing his last - the children are becoming orphans, will soon become orphans. | To be orphaned, orphaned or orphaned. endure orphanhood, be an orphan, live in orphanhood. The children have been orphaned for eight years now. To orphan someone, to make an orphan. The soldier is orphaned, exactly like death. The kids will become orphans, song. You love someone else’s wife, your own is orphaned, abandoned, song.”

So, if you look not from a legal point of view, but from a figurative point of view, then, of course, you can consider yourself an orphan. Unless, of course, you feel like an unprotected person who needs help from outsiders.

However, I would not advise you to wallow in self-pity and remember that you are this moment is already an adult who has a small child who needs your attention and care. Therefore, under no circumstances should you give up, and always be adequate, efficient and active, so that you can be a support for your children, mother, husband and other relatives and friends.

Strength and happiness to you!

“My dear master, my kind master, take pity on the bitter orphan” - is sung in the famous romance by M. P. Mussorgsky. And indeed, from time immemorial, the most unfortunate person, the one most worthy of compassion, was considered an orphan - a child whose parents, or at least one of them, died.

However, this word was not always given the meaning in which we use it now. Thus, one French researcher studied the life and everyday life African tribe living in the tribal system. In this tribe (which is generally characteristic of the clan system), when meeting people, it was customary not only to introduce themselves, but also to list their ancestors several generations deep. This woman was not an aristocrat, and therefore, like most of our contemporaries, she could only name her ancestry up to her grandparents. And then people from this tribe began to feel sorry for her, feed her, calling her a poor orphan!

Indeed, in conditions ancient family man, even Small child, having lost his parents, was not left alone with the cruel world, in the big patriarchal family there was always someone to take care of him. Therefore, an orphan was considered only such a person who completely lost all his relatives (say, miraculously survived when the settlement was plundered by nomads or the same Vikings). It was really very difficult for such a person to live, even for an adult. And even many centuries after the collapse of the clan system, in Russian lamentations the word “orphan” is used not only in relation to children, but also in relation to anyone who has lost loved one(wives, mothers, etc.).

With the development of society, the economy and the accompanying “fragmentation”, nuclearization of the family, human life It is increasingly built on the principle of “everyone for himself.” Under these conditions, it becomes easier for an adult to survive alone, although the support of relatives still means something. Children, in the event of the death of their parents, increasingly become useless to anyone. This is how the word “orphan” acquires modern meaning: a minor left without parental care, initially due to their death. However, now there is such a thing as “social orphanhood”. It refers to children whose parents are alive, but did not want to take care of them or were deprived of parental rights. They even talk about “conditional home orphanhood”: the child lives at home with his parents, but they don’t take care of him, because they have no time for it. Sometimes even those children who rarely see their parents because they grow up in boarding schools are considered “conditional orphans.” This is not always explained by the irresponsibility of parents. Not in every city kindergarten and a school for deaf children, and even less for the deaf-blind. So such children have to grow up in specialized boarding schools, sometimes very far from home, from their parents.

And of course, with ancient times Helping orphans was considered one of the most worthy and godly deeds. Alas, in our time this is not always remembered, especially by the state.