Maria nikolaevna moskalenko. Trip to Germany. It has to do with settlements.

Biography added: April 1, 2014

Sergey Pavlovich Korolev (December 30, 1906 (January 12, 1907), Zhitomir - January 14, 1966, Moscow) - Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and missile weapons of the USSR. The founder of practical cosmonautics.

The largest figure of the 20th century in the field of space rocketry and shipbuilding, together with the German designer Werner von Braun. With the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit in 1957, he laid the foundation for new era in the history of mankind, the space age.

Those who want to work are looking for funds, those who do not want reasons.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

Sergei Korolev is the creator of Soviet strategic missile weapons of medium and intercontinental range. His design developments in the field of rocketry were of exceptional value for the development of Soviet rocket armament, and his contribution to the organization and development of practical cosmonautics is of global importance.

S. P. Korolev is the creator of the Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power.

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize laureate, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1953.

Order frees thought.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

S. P. Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhitomir (Ukraine) in the family of the teacher of Russian literature Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev (1877–1929). He was about three yearswhen the parents divorced. By the decision of his mother, little Seryozha was sent to Nizhyn to his grandparents.

In 1915 he entered preparatory classes gymnasium in Kiev, in 1917 - went to the first grade of a gymnasium in Odessa, where his mother, Maria Nikolaevna, and stepfather, Georgy Mikhailovich Balanin, moved.

I did not study at the gymnasium for long - it was closed, then there were four months of a unified labor school. Then he received his education at home - his mother and stepfather were teachers, and his stepfather, in addition to teaching, had an engineering education.

A rocket underwater is absurd. But that's why I will undertake to do it.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

Also in school years Sergei was distinguished by exceptional abilities and an indomitable craving for the then new aviation technology. In 1922–24 he studied at a construction vocational school, taking part in many circles and in various courses.

In 1921 he met with the pilots of the Odessa hydro group and actively participated in the aviation public life: from the age of 16 as a lecturer on the elimination of aviation illiteracy, and from the age of 17 - as the author of the K-5 non-motorized aircraft project, which was officially defended before a competent commission and recommended for construction.

Having entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute in the profile of aviation technology in 1924, Korolev mastered general engineering disciplines in it in two years and became an athlete-glider. In the fall of 1926 he was transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) named after N.E.Bauman.

The moon is solid.
(In the group designing the lunar landing module, there was a long discussion: what surface the moon has. Equally plausible arguments were put forward in favor of many meters of dust, sandy desert, hard surface... The absence of a solution began to slow down further work, significantly affecting the design of the lander. Sergey Pavlovich, present at the next ineffectual meeting, took a sheet of paper and wrote this statement)

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich

During his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School, S.P.Korolev has already gained fame as a young talented aircraft designer and experienced glider pilot. The aircraft designed and built by him: the Koktebel and Krasnaya Zvezda gliders and the SK-4 light aircraft, designed to achieve a record flight range, demonstrated Korolev's outstanding abilities as an aircraft designer.

However, he was especially fascinated by flights in the stratosphere and the principles of jet propulsion. In September 1931, S.P. Korolev and a talented enthusiast in the field of rocket engines F.A.Zander achieved the creation in Moscow with the help of Osoaviakhim of a public organization - the Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD): In April 1932, it became essentially a state scientific the design laboratory for the development of rocket flying vehicles, in which the first domestic liquid-ballistic missiles (BR) GIRD-09 and GIRD-10 are created and launched.

On August 17, 1933, the first successful launch of the GIRD rocket took place. In 1936, S.P. Korolev managed to bring cruise missiles to testing: anti-aircraft-217 with a powder rocket engine and long-range-212 with a liquid propellant rocket engine.

Arrested on June 27, 1938. On September 25, 1938, he was included in the list of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court. On the list, he went to the first category, which means that the punishment recommended by the NKVD is execution. The list was endorsed personally by Stalin, thus the execution sentence was practically approved.

It was a time of changes in the leadership of the NKVD and the repressions had already decreased in scope. therefore court decisions did not blindly follow the recommendations of the NKVD. Korolev was convicted by the Military Collegium The Supreme Court USSR on September 27, 1938, indictment: Art. 58–7, 11. Sentence: 10 years of labor camp, 5 years of disqualification. June 10, 1940, the term was reduced to 8 years of the labor camp, released in 1944. Fully rehabilitated on April 18, 1957.

He spent a year in Butyrka prison. During interrogation, he was severely tortured and beaten as a result of which Korolev's jaw was broken (he also received a concussion). On April 21, 1939, he came to Kolyma, where he was at the Maldyak gold mine of the Western Mining Administration and was engaged in the so-called "general work".

On December 23, 1939, he was placed at the disposal of Vladlag. He arrived in Moscow on March 2, 1940, where, four months later, he was tried again and sent to a new place of detention - to the Moscow special prison of the NKVD TsKB-29, where, under the leadership of A.N. Tupolev, also a prisoner, he received active participation in the creation of bombers Pe-2 and Tu-2 and at the same time proactively developed projects for a guided air torpedo and a new version of the missile interceptor.

This was the reason for the transfer of Korolev in 1942 to another prison-type design bureau - OKB-16 at the Kazan aircraft plant number 16, where work was carried out on new types of rocket engines with the aim of using them in aviation.

SP Korolev, with his characteristic enthusiasm, gives himself up to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe practical use of rocket engines to improve aviation: shortening the takeoff run of an aircraft and increasing the speed and dynamic characteristics of aircraft during air combat.

The arrest and stay in the Gulag forever infected Korolev with a pessimistic attitude towards the surrounding reality. According to the recollections of people who knew him closely, the favorite saying of Sergei Pavlovich was the phrase "slapped without an obituary ...".

Speaking about the design of the Soviet missiles that followed the R-1, it is difficult to distinguish between the time periods for their creation. So Korolev was thinking about the R-2 back in Germany, when the R-1 project had not yet been discussed, the R-5 was being developed by him even before the R-2 was commissioned, and even earlier work began on a small mobile R-11 missile, and the first calculations for the intercontinental rocket R-7.

In August 1946 S.P. Korolev started to work in Kaliningrad near Moscow (then renamed in 1996 to Korolev), where he was appointed chief designer of long-range ballistic missiles and head of department No. 3 of NII-88 for their development.

The first task set by the government for S.P. Korolev as chief designer and all organizations involved in missile weapons was to create an analogue of the V-2 rocket from domestic materials. But already in 1947, a decree was issued on the development of new ballistic missiles with a flight range greater than that of the V-2: up to 3000 km.

In 1948, S.P.Korolev began flight-design tests of the R-1 ballistic missile (analogue of the V-2) and in 1950 successfully put it into service.

During 1954 alone, Korolev was simultaneously working on various modifications of the R-1 rocket (R-1A, R-1B, R-1V, R-1D, R-1E), completing work on the R-5 and outlining five different modifications. , is completing the difficult and responsible work on the R-5 M missile - with a nuclear warhead. Go full swing work on the R-11 and its naval version R-11FM, and the intercontinental R-7 is acquiring more and more clear features.

In 1956, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev, the first domestic strategic missile was created, which became the basis of the country's nuclear missile shield.

In 1957, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles (mobile land-based and sea-based) based on stable propellants; he pioneered these new and important areas of missile development.

In 1960, the first intercontinental missile R-7, which had two rocket stages, entered service. This was also a victory for S.P.Korolev and his collaborators.

In 1955 (long before the flight tests of the R-7 rocket) S.P. Korolev, M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite into space using the R-7 rocket (AES ).

The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left the NII-88 and became independent organization, of which S.P. Korolev was appointed chief designer and director.

For the implementation of manned flights and launches of automatic space stations SP Korolev developed a family of perfect three-stage and four-stage launch vehicles on the basis of a combat missile.

On October 4, 1957, the first satellite in the history of mankind was launched into low-earth orbit. His flight was an overwhelming success and created a high international prestige for the Soviet Union.

"It was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but its ringing callsigns spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind." - S.P.Korolev said later.

In parallel with the rapid development of manned astronautics, work is underway on satellites for scientific, economic and defense purposes. In 1958, a geophysical satellite was developed and launched into space, and then the twin satellites "Electron" for the study of the Earth's radiation belts.

In 1959, three unmanned spacecraft to the Moon were created and launched. The first and second - for the delivery of the pennant of the Soviet Union to the Moon, the third - for the purpose of photographing the opposite (invisible) side of the Moon.

Subsequently, S.P.Korolev began the development of a more advanced lunar apparatus for its soft landing on the lunar surface, photographing and transmitting the lunar panorama to the Earth (object E-6).

April 12, 1961 S. P. Korolev again amazes the world community. Having created the first manned spacecraft Vostok-1, it implements the world's first flight of a man - a citizen of the USSR Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin in near-earth orbit. Sergei Pavlovich is in no hurry to solve the problem of human space exploration.

The first spacecraft made only one turn: no one knew how a person would feel under such prolonged weightlessness, what psychological stress would act on him during an unusual and unexplored space travel.

Following the first flight of Yu. A. Gagarin on August 6, 1961, German Stepanovich Titov made the second space flight on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, which lasted one day.

Again - a scrupulous analysis of the influence of flight conditions on the functioning of the body. Then the joint flight of the spacecraft Vostok-3 and Vostok-4, piloted by cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich, from 11 to 12 August 1962; direct radio communication was established between the cosmonauts.

On next year - joint flight of cosmonauts VF Bykovsky and VV Tereshkova on the spacecraft Vostok-5 and Vostok-6 from June 14 to 16, 1963 - the possibility of a woman's flight into space is being studied.

Behind them - from 12 to 13 October 1964 - in space, a crew of three people of various specialties: the commander of the ship, the flight engineer and the doctor on the more complex spacecraft "Voskhod".

On March 18, 1965, during a flight on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft with a crew of two, cosmonaut AA Leonov makes the world's first spacewalk in a spacesuit through an airlock.

Continuing to develop the program of manned near-earth flights, Sergei Pavlovich begins to implement his ideas on the development of a manned DOS (long-term orbital station). Its prototype was a fundamentally new, more perfect than the previous ones, the Soyuz spacecraft.

The structure of this ship included a household compartment where astronauts could for a long time be without spacesuits and conduct scientific research. During the flight, the automatic docking in orbit of two Soyuz spacecraft and the transition of astronauts from one spacecraft to another through open space in spacesuits were also envisaged. Unfortunately, Sergei Pavlovich did not live to see the embodiment of his ideas in the Soyuz spacecraft.

Back in the mid-50s, Korolev was hatching the idea of \u200b\u200blaunching a man to the moon. The corresponding space program was developed with the support of NS Khrushchev.

However, this program was never implemented during the life of Sergei Pavlovich due to the lack of one-man command (the program was developed under the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense, in which Korolev did not work), disagreements with the chief designer of rocket engines V.P. Glushko, as well as a change in the leadership of the CPSU - Leonid Brezhnev did not attach such importance to the lunar program as Khrushchev did.

After the death of Sergei Pavlovich, the program for launching astronauts to the moon was gradually curtailed. The Soviet program for the exploration of the moon was subsequently carried out using unmanned spacecraft.

Medical history and death
* The official medical report was published on January 16, 1966. True. 1966. No. 16 (17333).

"Medical report on the illness and cause of death of comrade Sergei Pavlovich Korolev."
Comrade SP Korolev was sick with rectal sarcoma. In addition, he had: atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, sclerosis of the cerebral arteries, pulmonary emphysema and metabolic disorders.

SP Korolev underwent an operation to remove the tumor with extirpation of the rectum and part of the sigmoid colon. Death of Comrade S. P. Koroleva came from heart failure (acute myocardial ischemia).

Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B. V. Petrovsky; full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, professor A. A. Vishnevsky; head of the surgical department of the hospital, associate professor, candidate medical sciences D. F. Blagovidov; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. I. Strukov; Head of the Fourth Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, Honored Scientist, Professor A. M. Markov.

Details from the memoirs
* Sergei Pavlovich was operated by the Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky, and Petrovsky was assisted by the head of the surgical department, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D.F. Blagovidov.
* It was not possible to stop bleeding by removing the polyps. Decided to autopsy abdominal cavity... When they began to approach the bleeding site, they found a tumor the size of a fist. It was a sarcoma, a malignant tumor.

Petrovsky decided to remove the sarcoma. At the same time, part of the rectum was removed. The remainder had to be removed through the peritoneum.
* Due to the injury received in exile (the investigator hit Sergei Pavlovich on the cheekbone with a decanter), they could not insert a breathing tube into his throat.

The funeral
* The coffin with the body of the late S.P.Korolev was installed in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. For farewell to the deceased, access was opened on January 17, 1966 from 12 noon to 8 pm.
* The funeral took place on Red Square in Moscow on January 18 at 13:00. Urn with the ashes of S. P. Korolev was buried in the Kremlin wall.

SP Korolev was the generator of many extraordinary ideas and the progenitor of outstanding design teams working in the field of rocket and space technology, his contribution to the development of domestic and world manned astronautics is decisive.

One can only be surprised at the versatility of Sergei Pavlovich's talent, his inexhaustible creative energy.

He is a pioneer in many of the main directions of the development of domestic missile weapons and rocket and space technology. It is difficult to even imagine what level she would have reached if the premature death of Sergei Pavlovich had not interrupted the creative flight of his thoughts.

In 1966, the USSR Academy of Sciences established the SP Korolev Gold Medal "For Outstanding Services in the Field of Rocket and Space Technology." SP Korolev scholarships for students of higher educational institutions have been established.

In Zhitomir, in Moscow, at Baikonur, in other cities, monuments to the scientist were erected, memorial houses-museums were created. Samara State Aerospace University, a city in the Moscow region, streets of many cities, two research ships, a high-mountain peak in the Pamirs, a pass on the Tien Shan, an asteroid, a thalassoid on the Moon bear his name.

S. P. Korolev - Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Lenin Prize laureate, twice Hero of Socialist Labor. He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals. Honorary Citizen of the city of Korolev.

Named after Korolev and bear his name
Monument in the city of Baikonur
Research vessel "Akademik Sergei Korolev"
* Science City Korolev, Moscow Region (renamed in 1996 from “Kaliningrad”). The central avenue of this city is also named after Korolev.
* Crater on Mars.
* Crater on back side The moon.
* Asteroid 1855 Korolev.
* SSAU - Samara State Aerospace University named after Academician S.P. Korolev.
* Rocket and Space Corporation (RSC) "Energia" S. P. Korolev.
* Research vessel "Academician Sergei Korolev".
* Military Institute in Zhitomir.
* Korolev Avenue in the city of Baikonur.
* Prospect of Academician Korolev in Kiev.
* Academician Korolev Street in Moscow.
* Academician Korolev Street in Perm.
* Academician Korolev Street in Odessa.
* Academician Korolev Street in Kazan.
* Academician Korolev Street in Chelyabinsk.
* Academician Korolev Street in Ternopil.
* Academician Korolev Street in Tomsk.
* Academician Korolev Street in Ufa

Sergey Pavlovich Korolev - photo

Sergey Pavlovich Korolev - quotes

What seemed unrealizable for centuries, what yesterday was only a daring dream, today becomes a real task, and tomorrow - a fulfillment.

There are no barriers to human thought.

Cosmonautics has an infinite future, and its prospects are infinite, like the Universe itself.

A rocket underwater is absurd. But that's why I will undertake to do it.

You criticize someone else's, offer yours. When offering - do it.

Soviet scientist, designer of rocket and space systems, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, Soviet scientist, designer of rocket and space systems, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958; corresponding member 1953), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961). Member of the CPSU since 1953. In 1924 he graduated from a professional construction school in Odessa. From 1927 he worked in the aviation industry. In 1930 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School and at the same time the Moscow Pilot School. From June 1930, senior engineer at TsAGI.

Developed a number of designs for successfully flying gliders. After meeting K.E. Tsiolkovsky and his works, K. became interested in the ideas of creating rocket-type aircraft. In 1931, together with FA Tsander, he participated in the organization of the Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD, Moscow), which he headed in May 1932. The GIRD built and launched the first Soviet liquid-propellant rocket GIRD-09 in August 1933. After the merger at the end of 1933 of the GIRD and the Gas-Dynamic Laboratory (GDL) and the formation of the Jet Institute (RNII), K. was appointed deputy director for scientific affairs, and from the beginning of 1934 - head of the department of rocket aircraft. In 1934 his work Rocket Flight in the Stratosphere was published. He developed a number of projects, including the projects of the 212 guided cruise missile (flying in 1939) and the RP-318-1 rocket glider, which was the first in the USSR to fly under the control of pilot V.P. Fedorov (1940). From 1942 to 1946, K. worked at the Design Bureau as deputy chief designer of engines, dealing with the problem of equipping serial combat aircraft with liquid-propellant rocket boosters. K.'s further activity as the leader of a large team was aimed at creating powerful missile systems.

In the history of space exploration, the era of the first remarkable achievements is associated with the name of K.. Outstanding organizational skills and talent of a great scientist allowed him for a number of years to direct the work of many research and development teams to solve large complex problems. K.'s scientific and technical ideas received wide application in rocket and space technology. Many ballistic and geophysical missiles, launch vehicles and manned spaceships "Vostok" and "Voskhod", on which for the first time in history a man made a space flight and a man entered outer space.

Rocket and space systems, the development of which was headed by K., made it possible for the first time in the world to launch artificial satellites of the Earth and the Sun, flights of automatic interplanetary stations to the Moon, Venus and Mars, and make a soft landing on the lunar surface. Under his leadership were created artificial earth satellites of the "Electron" and "Molniya-1" series, many satellites of the "Cosmos" series, the first copies of interplanetary reconnaissance aircraft of the "Probe" series. K. trained numerous cadres of scientists and engineers. In 1957, K. was awarded the Lenin Prize. He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals. The name of K., as one of the founders of practical cosmonautics, was assigned largest education (thalassoid) on the far side of the moon.

Date of birth: January 12, 1907
Died: January 14, 1966
Place of birth: Ukraine, Zhitomir

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich - constructor soviet period, S.P. Korolev - stood at the origins of theoretical and practical shipbuilding. Space technology, rocket armament - in these areas, he was the undisputed first magnitude of his time.

Sergey was released on January 12, 1907 in Zhitomir in a bourgeois family. His father, Pavel Yakovlevich, taught the children of Russian literature. Mom Maria Moskalenko, according to the traditions of that time, ran a household.

At the age of 8, Sergei begins his studies at the Kiev gymnasium. In 1917 he was transferred to the gymnasium in Odessa. Due to the closure of the gymnasium, the boy has to transfer to a labor school. Then he leaves school for good and begins studies at home under the guidance of his stepfather and mother. His stepfather's engineering education helped Korolev a lot.

The fateful meeting with the aviators takes place in 1921. Sergey begins to communicate with representatives of the Odessa hydro group and understands that aircraft construction will become his life's work.

At a very young age - 17 years old - he was able to justify his own project non-motorized aircraft before a special commission.

After 6 years, Sergey is already a student at the Political Institute in Kiev. The young man literally grasps the exact disciplines on the fly, and two years later he continues his studies in the capital. The Moscow Higher Military School was replenished with one more gifted student.
In 1931, in collaboration with F. Zander, Sergei created a special group engaged in the study of jet propulsion. In practice, young scientists created and tested their models.

In 1933 the young specialist became the deputy head of the Jet Research Institute. He is in charge of the missile department. The purpose of the department is to test all types of missiles related to weapons.

In June 1938, a serious charge was brought against the scientist. He was arrested for sabotage. Korolev's interrogations were carried out with particular cruelty. The court sentenced him to 10 years in labor camps in Kolyma. The inventor spent a year in prison, since the USSR needed to build up its military power in the pre-war period and the government desperately needed designers and scientists.

In this regard, many scientists were collected in specially organized design bureaus for compulsory work. Korolev was no exception.

He began work under the patronage of Tupolev in Moscow. Then he was transported to Kazan, where he became chief in the design of rocket launchers.

In 1944, the scientist was freed and began work on missiles designed to fly along a ballistic trajectory. The first brainchild was the P-1, but it was not its own development, but was made according to the drawings of the German V-2.

Subsequently, work begins on rockets strategic purpose... In the post-war years, in 1957, rockets designed for flight along a ballistic trajectory for water and land were demonstrated for the first time.

In parallel, research is being carried out in astronautics. Without Korolev, the launch of an artificial Earth satellite, first launched into Earth's orbit, was not enough. The development of astronautics is proceeding by leaps and bounds, and two years later, three aircraft are already visiting the Moon.

Despite the successes in peaceful cosmonautics, Korolev and his colleagues did not leave work for the USSR military machine. The R-7 rocket is his brainchild. This missile could reach another continent and hit the target there.

But the peak of the career of a designer and scientist was probably the first manned flight into space. It was Korolev who was both the ideological inspirer and the performer of this gigantic project. Following the flight of Yuri Gagarin, "Vostok-2" and "Soyuz" went into orbit. Started preparatory work for the design and assembly of a heavy interplanetary spacecraft.

Korolev did not manage to complete all these projects. During his bowel surgery, his heart stopped forever. It happened on January 14, 1966.

Sergey Korolev's achievements:

He was the first scientist of Soviet Russia who was engaged in theory and practice in almost all areas of rocketry for peaceful and military purposes.
Before him, no one had done so much in the field of manned spacecraft.
During the beginning of the "arms race" he was at the origin of the nuclear defense of the USSR.
The most eminent and prolific scientist in theoretical and practical astronautics.
The scientist's merits were awarded the Lenin Prize, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor twice, and the title of Academician of Sciences.

Dates from the biography of Sergei Korolev:

January 12, 1907 was born in Zhitomir.
1915 began his studies at the Kiev gymnasium
1917 transferred to the gymnasium in Odessa
1924 began his studies at the Polytechnic Institute in Kiev.
1926 transferred to the Moscow VTU.
1931 the initiator of the creation of the GIRD.
1933 rocket launch confirmed the correctness of all theoretical calculations of a group of scientists. Started experimental work on the creation of combat missile weapons
1938 was suddenly arrested. The punishment was harsh - the designer had to spend 10 years in the camp.
1939 sent to a labor camp in Siberia.
1940 forced to work in specially organized design bureaus.
1944 released without preconditions. Began work on missiles flying along a ballistic trajectory.
1957 created a rocket flying along a ballistic trajectory. An Earth satellite, controlled from the control center, was sent on the flight.
1961 Vostok-1 was sent into orbit.
January 14, 1966 - Sergei Pavlovich's heart stopped during an operation on the intestines.

Interesting facts about Sergey Korolev:

To get the blueprints and calculations for the V-2, he was sent to England. The espionage project failed, as the artillery captain allegedly had no military awards.
During his studies at school, he showed absolutely no talents. Didn't shine in any of the items.
The story, well known among astronauts, says that Gagarin and Komarov insisted on sending the scientist's ashes to the moon.

We continue to publish materials on the development of Russian cosmonautics. Today our story is dedicated to Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Thanks to his talent as a scientist and the nature of a military leader, world science and technology has been enriched with many wonderful discoveries, and an enormous contribution has been made to space exploration.

Childhood and adolescence

In the Ukrainian town of Zhitomir, a son was born into the family of engineer Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev in 1907. But soon after the birth of Seryozha, the family broke up, and the mother gave her son to the care of her parents in Nizhyn. Here a five-year-old boy first saw the flight of an airplane. Bends of a huge, man-made bird, controlled by a man, struck his imagination.

Soon Sergei, his mother and stepfather settled in Odessa. Teenager watched the flights of seaplanes for hours over the sea, cherishing the dream of flying. The pilots noticed an inquisitive, intelligent boy, and soon he became a reliable assistant to the mechanic of the hydraulic unit. And finally the day came when he was allowed to take off in a seaplane. The impressions of the flight only strengthened his desire to connect his life with aeronautics.

Seryozha studied at home under the guidance of his stepfather and mother, read a lot about aviation. I entered school only at the age of 15. He studied with pleasure, striking the teachers with an excellent memory and clear thinking. Already at this age, he was distinguished by organization, combining study, work, sport sections and even music. His every day was scheduled by the minute but when a gliding circle was opened in the city, the young man became its active participant. And a year later he presented his first project of a non-powered aircraft.

The birth of a dream

In the 1930s, interest in transatmospheric flights and in space in general appeared in Russia. The Society of Interplanetary Flight Enthusiasts being organized in Moscow. He becomes an honorary member of the society. His idea of \u200b\u200bcarrying out stratospheric flights on jet vehicles was fueled by science fiction novels, giving rise to new bold ideas and projects.

In 1930, a meeting between Sergei Korolev and Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky took place. The conversation between these two people predetermined not only the fate of the future general designer, but also the entire space industry. Parting with Tsiolkovsky, he was already firmly convinced - henceforth, the meaning of his life will be the creation of rockets and flight to other celestial bodies. The young man was especially attracted by the Red Planet - Mars. Since then, he subordinated every step to the fulfillment of this dream.

At the Moscow Institute, where Sergei studied, the famous aircraft designer Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev gave lectures on aircraft construction. He noticed a talented student and took him for practical training in his design bureau, became the head of his graduation project. Their friendship and cooperation continued for many years.

First rocket

In the newly created GIRD group that brought together rocketry enthusiasts, Sergei headed the technical council. Here on his path in life, he meets a true like-minded person - F.A. Zander. Whole year their youth team worked for free, giving all the time and energy to the new business. Two years later, the first liquid-propellant Soviet rocket soared into the sky. For 18 seconds, she moved away from her home planet by 400m. And let her life path was short-lived. But it was a success! So they are on the right track.

Arrest and work in closed design bureaus

The year 1933 brought good news to the Girdovites - the Jet Research Institute was created. The work on the development of missiles has entered a qualitatively new level.

But wave of repression, swept across the country in 1937, overwhelmed many outstanding specialists in the aviation industry. In 1938, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was also arrested. Many hours interrogations, unbearable conditions of existence did not break him. On the wall of the Butyrka prison, he left the calculations of his first radio-controlled rocket.

After 2 years, Korolev ends up in a new place of detention - a Moscow special prison, where together with Tupolev works in the prison KB over the design of new bombers and guided air torpedoes. "Zeks" are first-class engineers and designers who worked with great dedication on defense orders.

A year before the end of the war, Korolev was released. And already in 1945 he was appointed chief technical director of the research institute for the study of the German V-2 rocket.

Rockets are defense and science

For this purpose, Korolev with a group of Soviet specialists is sent to Germany. Where the British organized an exhibition of this newest weapon of the Wehrmacht. Thorough study of V-2 was necessary to build its complete analogue, but from domestic materials. The task was completed.

The missile's Soviet counterpart was known as the R-1. But Korolev's design idea works tirelessly. With his enthusiasm and efficiency, he infects the entire team working on the order. Sergey Pavlovich designs a missile capable of hitting targets at a distance of 600 km.

The arms race that unfolded against the backdrop of the Cold War showed the need to create intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of carrying a nuclear charge. Korolev solves this problem brilliantly. Thanks to his scientific genius the military industry was equipped with medium and intercontinental-range missiles. They became the basis of the USSR nuclear missile shield. It was followed by more advanced models with a range of up to 3000 km.

Storming space

Working on orders from the War Ministry, Sergei Pavlovich never did not part with the dream of human space flights. In parallel with his work in the defense industry, he uses the vertical launch of R-1 and R-5 rockets to study near space, the effect of various space factors on highly developed animals. The means of their life support and return to earth were worked out very carefully. So he laid the foundation for manned space flight.

The space age of mankind dates back to October 4, 1957. It was on this day that he began his journey around his home planet. For two weeks, radio amateurs all over the world, with bated breath, listened to his callsigns.

In two years the first rocket starts towards the moon, the next one delivers a pennant with the emblem of the USSR to its surface, photographs the side of our satellite that is invisible from Earth, and transmits the images to Earth.

And on April 12, 1961, the whole world was jubilant upon learning about the fantastic news -. The first spacecraft made only one revolution, because no one imagined how weightlessness and psychological stress would affect a person. This was followed by longer flights with various missions and the exit of cosmonaut Alexei Leonov into open space.

Sergey Pavlovich is very took care of the astronauts, often talked with them, highly appreciated their courage and dedication to the profession.

Under the leadership of Korolev, projects for interplanetary stations, satellites for various purposes, and new spaceships were developed. The pinnacle of the design thought of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was the flights of ships to Mars and Venus, the creation of the communications satellite "Molniya-1".

This is how this outstanding designer, excellent organizer, step by step, realized his youthful dream - the storming of space.

Invisible Man

He passed away the day before his 59th birthday in 1966. And only then the country and the whole world learned the name and surname of the person whom the press, radio and television were simply called General Designer. The secrecy regime was lifted.

During his lifetime, Academician Korolev was awarded two Orders of the Hero of Socialist Labor. Recognition of his immense services to mankind were the monuments erected in his homeland, in the Moscow region, where the great designer built ships and at the cosmodrome, from where the road to the Universe began.

History does not know a man who loved the sky more strongly and faithfully.

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Biography, life story of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev

Childhood and youth. Education

Sergei Korolev was born in Zhitomir on January 12, 1907 (according to the old style - December 30, 1906) in the family of Pavel Yakovlevich, a teacher of Russian literature, and Maria Nikolaevna, a merchant's daughter, also a teacher. When Sergei was 3 years old, a split occurred in the family - Maria Nikolaevna fell in love with another and left her husband. The upbringing of the boy was taken up by his maternal grandparents.

In 1915, Sergei began to attend preparatory classes at a gymnasium in Kiev. After 2 years, the boy became a first-grade student at a gymnasium in Odessa. His mother and stepfather Grigory Mikhailovich Balanin, a teacher, moved there, to Odessa. After the closure of the gymnasium, Sergei studied for four months at labor schooland then switched to home schooling... Stepfather Korolev had not only pedagogical, but also engineering education. Perhaps it was he who awakened in the boy an interest in technology and engineering.

In the period from 1922 to 1924, Sergei Korolev studied at a construction vocational school, at the same time attending various circles and courses. At that time, Sergei began to take an active part in the public life of the Odessa hydro group. At the age of 16, he acted as a lecturer on the elimination of aviation illiteracy, at 17 - as the author of a project for a non-motorized aircraft recommended for creation.

In 1924, Sergei Korolev became a student at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute (profile - aviation technology). Two years later, he transferred to the Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School. During his student days, Korolev became known as a talented aircraft designer and an excellent glider pilot. In 1929, Sergei successfully passed the exams for the title of a pilot-soar and easily defended thesis - SK-4 aircraft project.

Arrest and imprisonment

On June 27, 1938, Sergei Korolev, having been a high-ranking employee of the Jet Research Institute for several years, was arrested on charges of sabotage. On September 27, the scientist was sentenced to 10 years of work in a forced labor camp. In 1940, his sentence was reduced to 8 years. In 1944, Korolev was released, but he was able to achieve his official rehabilitation only in 1957. Sergei Korolev went through the Moscow Butyrka, prison in Novocherkassk and Kolyma.

CONTINUED BELOW

Sergei Korolev created the Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power. Korolev was a key figure in the space exploration process. Sergei Korolev took part in the development of the R-7 two-stage ballistic missile. Korolev created the first rockets operating on the basis of stable propellants. It was also thanks to Korolev that the first artificial satellite of planet Earth was launched and it was thanks to him that