Facial massage lines: everything about the procedure and their direction. Langer lines (cleavage lines) Langerhans lines

As we age, we try to pay more attention to our face. Small wrinkles appear on it, and the contour becomes fuzzy. Systematic creams and masks help to cope with the problem. And to make their application as effective as possible will help the scheme of massage lines of the face.

Main aspects

Cosmetologists assure that when studying a number of actions and their sequence, each woman will be able to carry out such a procedure independently. Within a week, clear results will be noticeable:

1. This massage helps to relax all tense muscles and brings a lot of pleasure from the process itself.
2. Having studied the technique of the correct point effect, with its help you can establish most of the functions in your body.
3. The skin is noticeably tightened, and in the right direction and in the right places, the flabby chin disappears, the face oval is leveled.
4. The metabolism in cells is improved due to better blood circulation in this area. It helps to quickly clear the skin of pimples and inflammations.
5. A general improvement in tone allows you to significantly slow down the process of efforts, get rid of age spots, edema and other age-related imperfections.

Parsing along the lines

Experts know that any procedure requires a clear direction of movement, in which all massage lines of the face and neck will be involved. Their scheme is a series of sections, each of which requires a special approach.

• chin,
• cheeks,
• the upper part of the eyes,

Correctly following the application scheme, you can direct the skin in the right direction and avoid excessive stretching.

Right direction

The scheme will make any cosmetic procedure several times more effective. The latter is performed in the following directions:

The movement begins in the chin area and follows the massage lines up and to the sides;

The neck is necessarily involved, which is one of the first to give out real age;

From the chin, lips and nose, lines diverge to the earlobes;

The bridge of the nose is massaged along, special attention is paid to the brow zone, where the first wrinkles are often formed;

In the forehead area, the lines go to the temples and up.

A careful study of the right directions will help to achieve better results, improve the functioning of internal organs and ensure the supply of the required amount of oxygen to the cells.

The art of massage

There are many varieties of this process. Moisturizing is necessary for recovery, drainage promotes high-quality removal of toxins, massage with glycolic acid exfoliates well, and thanks to deep cleaning, you can quickly get rid of blackheads. All of them use massage lines for the face and neck. A detailed scheme of such a procedure is known to every specialist in a beauty salon.

• Before starting the procedure, the specialist will definitely conduct a consultation, find out all the wishes of the client, select the massage option he needs, and conduct an allergic test for the components that are part of the applied funds.
• This is followed by a deep cleaning of the area with a mild product, a scrub, a steam bath or a hot herbal compress.
• The client is placed in a comfortable chair for complete relaxation, any type of massage involves complete relaxation and enjoyment of the process.

The choice of a specialist should be approached strictly individually, taking into account the experience of his work. Salon massage should be performed at least once a month.

Ultrasound massage

Often, cosmetologists use additional means to enhance the effect of the procedure - mechanical and hardware, during the application of which all massage lines of the face are involved (scheme). The ultrasonic massager is now the most widely used. The essence of its action lies in the directed work of ultrasonic waves, which in the most positive way affect the appearance of the skin, eliminating inflammation and minor defects on it. To obtain an ideal result, this procedure is recommended to be performed every other day. It is absolutely painless, suitable for all skin types and is very fond of women.

Home massage

If the scheme of facial massage lines is well studied, such a procedure can be carried out at home, and a mesoscooter can be used as an effective additional tool. For such purposes, a device with a maximum needle length of up to one millimeter is recommended. They create microscopic punctures on the skin, which accelerate the processes of its regeneration.

• Wrinkles are smoothed out.
• Improves skin nutrition and hydration.
• An auxiliary capillary network is formed, which improves blood flow.
• The skin becomes denser, the overall complexion is evened out.

In addition, such punctures affect certain points of the face, positively affecting the nervous system and the work of internal organs. The absorption of cosmetics applied to the massage lines of the face is improved. The scheme for the mesoscooter is completely consistent with other types of massage and excludes only the impact on the lower area around the eyes.

Techniques and techniques

The procedure is recommended to be performed daily before bedtime. The scheme of facial massage lines will help to make it as high quality as possible, and the whole process will take no more than fifteen minutes. Experts recommend that you definitely combine it with proper nutrition, then the results will not be long in coming. The following techniques are most commonly used:

• tonic - quite energetic, includes pinching and patting;
• relaxing - assumes complete relaxation and light stroking movements; for it, you can additionally use your favorite moisturizer, which provides softness to the action;

Techniques can be combined, starting the procedure with stroking and gradually moving on to more active actions - strong and intense, each of which leads to a separate result:

• light pats all with the plane of the palm strengthen the skin well, make it dense and elastic;
• tapping with your knuckles tones up and positively affects the work of nerve endings;
• tweezing thickens the top layer of the skin, allows you to get rid of fuzzy contours and a flabby chin.

A very important aspect in all respects is facial massage lines. The scheme for applying cream, masks and other useful components depends entirely on their location. In order for the substances to penetrate into the deepest layers of the skin, cosmetologists recommend strictly adhering to the movements along the lines. This does not mean that the cream will not work with a simple application, but this will maximize its benefits.

• try to choose only natural products for massage and subsequent skin care, which do not contain parabens and petroleum products; you can use homemade products from several types of oils (base and essential);
• actions should be vigorous, but soft, not damaging the skin, but only bringing it into tone - a good result will be obtained from complex procedures, including contrasting washes and high-quality moisturizing of the face.

Science has known for a long time about the existence of such a substance as collagen. These are protein filaments present in connective tissue, namely in the intercellular substance. Collagen provides firmness and elasticity to the fibers. This substance forms a kind of beams. Langer's lines are located in their direction.

Discovery history and subsequent research

In 1861, the scientist Langer released his work "To the anatomy and physiology of the skin. On the splitting of the skin. " It was in it that he described the presence of conditionally drawn lines on the surface of the skin, along which it is most extensible.

Langer studied the properties of the skin, such as elasticity, and noticed that the skin was more elastic in some directions than in others. He attributed this phenomenon to the placement of collagen bundles under the skin in these places. He stated that in different parts of the body, elastic fibers have different directions.

Along the cleavage lines, the leather is much more durable. The scientist established this empirically, using the skin on the corpses. In our time, researchers have tried to give more accurate data on this phenomenon by doing experiments on animal skin. Of course, animal skin is significantly different from human skin. Therefore, the information obtained in this way left many questions.

Scientists from University College Dublin in Ireland and personally Professor Aisling Ni Annaidh tried to get accurate information. To conduct research, they needed about fifty-six fragments of skin (taken from cadaveric material).

These studies confirmed Langer's hypotheses, but the question of the origin of this phenomenon remained open. This is probably just a feature of the influence of forces that act when the skin is attached to the body, but it can also be anatomically determined. That is, it is possible that the skin itself has hidden structures that form Langer's lines.

The main conclusion from all studies of this phenomenon can be made by the fact that the existence of Langer lines simply needs to be taken into account by many specialists in different directions. Starting from surgery and ending with cosmetology, for a more effective effect on the skin, you need to know the features of Langer's lines.

Langer lines on the face

To reduce the consequences after the operation, including plastic ones, as well as for a more effective work of the cosmetologist, it is necessary to know exactly where the Langer lines are located on the face (cleavage lines).

These lines on the face are as follows:

1. Along the line from the chin to the earlobes.
2. From the corners of the lips to the middle of the ears.
3. From the wings of the nose to the upper tips of the ears.
4. From the middle of the nose to the temples.
5. On the nose: from the tip of the nose to the bridge of the nose along the back and from the bridge of the nose to the wings.
6. Upper eyelid: in a semicircle from the inner corner of the eyelid to the outer.
7. Lower eyelid: in a semicircle from the outer corner of the eyelid to the inner corner.
8. Forehead: from the middle of the forehead to the temples; from the eyebrow line straight up to the hairline.
9. Neck: The front of the neck has fibers from bottom to top, and the side is from top to bottom.

It is not so difficult to remember the location of these lines, but they should definitely be taken into account when cleaning your face and removing makeup, and even when applying make up. These procedures should be carried out strictly in the direction of these lines, avoiding stretching the skin. Apply makeup on the surface of the nose from the wings vertically to the base of the nose, and starting from the forehead, change the direction towards the temples.

The skin around the eyes is the thinnest and in no case should it be stretched either when applying or removing makeup. It is better to rub in the products with patting movements, and remove makeup with circular massage movements. The application of cosmetics to the face should take place along the stretch lines, which will keep the skin more elastic. Proper care prevents the appearance of wrinkles.

Langer lines on the body and head

It is obvious that collagen bundles are located in a certain direction not only on the face, but throughout the body. For a better understanding, you should consider the figure.

Langer's lines on the body are usually located in the places of natural folds of the skin, since they are directed perpendicular to the muscles so that collagen bundles are not damaged when the muscle is strained. As we can see, Langer's lines are placed horizontally on the arms, parallel to each other. Also in the center of the back and on the back of the legs. The lines run parallel to the ribs, going around the pectoral muscles in front and the shoulder blades in the back. On the buttocks, directed from the center to the edges from bottom to top. On the front of the leg, above the knee, the lines are vertical. All these features are usually taken into account by surgeons during operations, masseurs and cosmetologists.

When we need to determine the location of Langer's lines in places where there are no natural folds or wrinkles, we can do the following: squeeze a section of skin with your fingers, first along and then across. If skin folds appear, then there are Langer's lines, if the surface is smooth, this area does not correspond to the direction of the lines.

Langer's lines are located not only on the face, but all over the head. Their location is important to consider when transplanting hair, for example.

Langer's lines in the upper half of the forehead are parallel to the hairline.

Langer's lines - lines of tension or layering of the skin, which are characteristic of each part of the body. In microscopic sections made along these lines, most of the collagen bundles of the reticular layer are cut longitudinally, while in sections made across the lines, we have cross-sections of the bundles. The delamination lines closely match the fold lines on the skin surface in most parts of the body. In other areas of the body, Langer's lines are visible or can easily be detected by squeezing the skin. On the scalp, Langer's lines are not visible due to the presence of hair and the large thickness of the skin. In hair restoration surgery, Langer's lines are often broken. The incision used for sagittal elliptical midline scalp reduction (if not closed by pulling) creates a cosmetologically acceptable scar as it is oriented along Langer's lines (sagittal). Typically, the scars that cross these lines become wider after healing. The more the incision deviates from the Langer's line, the wider the scar. The incisions made while pulling the scalp on the vertical temporal hairline and diagonally in the frontal region cross Langer's lines and always leave wider scars than those made sagittally along the midline. The incisions applied posteriorly for the Frechet triple flap slot correction are not parallel to Langer's lines and give wider scars. These are just two examples of breaking Langer's lines in scalp stretching procedures, and in my opinion the resulting scars are unacceptable.

A round dermatome or implant (a punch-like instrument) violates Langer's lines within 358 degrees out of 360 (99.4%). Parallelism is observed only within two degrees. An elliptical dermatome should result in smaller scars as it disturbs these lines less. An incision made with a straight scalpel along the lines in the sagittal plane violates these lines to the least extent or may not violate them at all. Incisions with a length of 1.5 to 2 mm, made with a microsurgical sharp-pointed scalpel and oriented along Langer's lines, do not leave scars if the size of the inserted graft (skin flap in the hair) is chosen correctly.

Hair restoration, which can be performed with the least scarring, is most aesthetically acceptable. Raised and sunken grafts, discoloration (hypo- and hyperpigmentation), and visible scars spoil the appearance of the skin and the perception of the result, regardless of the number of transplanted hairs per square centimeter. The scalp is the canvas on which we present our art, and the best results are obtained when the scalp undergoes the least changes.

Skin lines have been the subject of study and debate among anatomists and surgeons for many years. None of the available approaches to skin incision lines are considered the gold standard of surgery. Moreover, when discussing such a concept as skin lines, misunderstandings often arise. Erroneous interpretations of this term are common in the literature.

A variety of techniques have been used to study skin lines, from simple palpation to creating 3D interactive models. There are many different points of view on the reasons for the formation and types of these lines.

INTRODUCTION

For many years, the skin lines have been studied by surgeons and anatomists in order to develop such a technique for cutting the skin, which will be as effective as possible and, at the same time, will not violate the aesthetics of the skin (that is, after an operation using this technique of tissue dissection, the scar will look as aesthetically pleasing as possible ).

Over the course of 100 years, 36 different skin lines have been described by physicians (therefore, 36 approaches to this problem were developed in one century). None of these approaches are considered a benchmark, but the skin relaxation lines (LRL) described by Borges are most often used by doctors. A variety of techniques have been used to study these lines, from examining corpse tissue to 3D models. Despite the fact that these lines on the face are arranged in a certain order, in some areas of the face the lines intersect each other at right angles, and do not run parallel - this causes certain difficulties.

TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING SKIN LINES

Karl Langer (1819-1887), professor of anatomy at the Vienna Medical-Surgical Academy, conducted a large amount of research on the bodies of recently deceased people, piercing the skin with a round awl (Fig. 1). The holes resulting from the puncture were elliptical, not circular - this was due to the peculiarities of the structure and movement of the muscles. This explanation has appeared very often in the literature.

Langer was not the only scientist who noted this property of the skin. The first was Guillaume Dupuytren (1834), famous for his description of flexion contracture of the fingers. He described this phenomenon in detail while examining the corpse of a suicide who inflicted multiple penetrating wounds on his chest with a sharp, rounded instrument. His wounds were also elliptical, not circular.

A year later, Langer conducted another series of experiments on the limbs, making three-centimeter circular incisions in the flexor muscles of the arm bent at the elbow, and noted that initially the skin relaxed longitudinally, and after a circular incision - transversely.

Cox, while working on his dissertation in Great Britain in 1941, again took up the study of lines Langer, using a pointed tool resembling a pile. The study was again conducted on cadavers, but this time Cox only worked on bodies of medium-sized people with low to moderate body fat (Fig. 2).

In 1947, Rubin, at Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn, used a police fingerprint device (paint-coated material was applied to the skin and then printed on paper) to pattern the location of skin stress lines (Figure 3) ...

Chrysl (Kraissl), working in New York, used photographs and drawings. He photographed an elderly man's face after contracting one facial muscle. At the same time, there was an increase in the severity of wrinkles. Chrysle sketched the result, gradually composing a composite sketch of all the facial lines. (Fig. 4).

Straith presented a study in Detroit in 1961 that looked at subcutaneous sutures. During the study, Strafe noted the location of the skin stress lines, but did not provide a clear explanation of the methods used to create a diagram of their location (Fig. 5).

Repeating Langer's second series of experiments, Bulacio introduced a new facial line pattern in Argentina in 1961 and 1974. He sketched the stretch lines of the skin, examining the holes in the skin of the corpses (Fig. 6).

Finally, in 1984, Borges described a simple method for identifying skin relaxation lines. Borges suggested that you gently pinch and pull the skin in a specific area, and then observe the furrows formed. He believed that, using earlier techniques, one could mistake certain lines on the skin resulting from muscle contraction and movement of joints in a certain direction and at certain angles as true lines of skin relaxation (LRL) (Fig. 7).

Sarifakioglu described new skin lines in 2004 as "sleep lines". The location of these lines depends on the position of the person's body during sleep and the type of pillow, however, these lines should not be confused with the cut lines of the skin, as they run perpendicular to the lines of skin relaxation and Langer's lines.

Skin lines were thought to be a static feature of the face, but Bush studied 175 scars from incisions in the face and neck. He found a significant difference in the degree of rotation of the Langer lines for different facial expressions, comparing the long axis of the incisions with respect to the vertical lines previously marked before the operation. Moreover, the dynamic lines of skin tension were identified using 3D models, based on the kinematic analysis of the skin, automated using computer systems. This method is considered the least invasive, can be used repeatedly, and is considered the most accurate.

Results and discussion

In almost all books on plastic surgery, you can find various debates regarding Langer's lines. Moreover, concepts such as "Langer lines" and "Skin relaxation lines (LRL)" can be mistakenly used interchangeably.

A study at the Royal Glasgow College of Surgery found that Langer's lines were initially incorrectly redrawn in various textbooks and, in addition, his work was poorly translated from German into English. Another dilemma stemmed from the fact that Langer did not conduct his research with the aim of creating a specific technique for tissue dissection. Langer's lines cannot be called "relaxation lines", since in his research he used corpse tissues,
those in a state of rigor mortis - there can be no question of any relaxation. Examining these lines, you will notice that in most areas they are located according to the same principles, but in some areas they intersect at an angle of 90 degrees.

If we take Borges' lines as a basis, we can derive "anti-LRC"

Anti-LRC Zones.

Langer lines: Scalp, forehead, lateral to eyelids, glabella, middle of cheeks

Cox Lines: Scalp, forehead and chin

Rubin lines: Glabella, middle and lower part of the cheeks

Chrysla lines: Nose, eye contour, chin

Strafe lines: Columella, glabella and mentholabial folds

Bulazio lines: Forehead, lower eye area, upper and lower lips, upper neck

Sleep Lines: Forehead, skin around eyes, nasolabial fold and glabella

For all the time of research, a huge number of methods have been used to study these lines. The simplest method is the Borges method - a simple skin pinch. It is the Borges lines (LRK) that surgeons are often guided by during operations. Although confusion often arises with Langer's lines, plastic surgeons are also often guided by them.

The appearance of these lines is explained by the activity of the subcutaneous muscles, the fibers of which run perpendicular to these lines. Another explanation was obtained by examining the skin with an electron microscope. Through the use of this device, scientists have found that skin tension lines are formed due to the interaction of elastin and collagen fibers. In turn, sleep lines are formed due to a certain position of the head during sleep - the structure of the skin and muscle activity do not affect the formation of sleep lines.

Ali Al Hamdi ​

It is known from the literature that some authors recommend skin incisions (Fuschi), while others take the opposite position in this matter (Bunnell). The direction of Langer's lines on the skin of the hand coincides with the direction of the course of the most important formations only in certain places of the hand. Considering the wound statically, just as Langer viewed it on a corpse, it is easy to be convinced that his teachings are reliable.

The edges of the wounds located according to Langer's lines, converge, while the edges of the wounds, located perpendicular to the lines of Langer, diverge. However, when considering the issue from the point of view of function, one can come to a different conclusion. The skin of the hand and fingers performs a variety of movements, and the edges of the skin wound follow these movements. Thus, the extension that occurs during the function of the hand is added to the static Langer direction, and these two factors determine the nature of the force acting on the cut line.

So, for example, on the back of the fingers of the Langer line run in the longitudinal direction. According to Fyushi, this direction is the most favorable for the cut. However, in the functional anatomical study of longitudinal and transverse cuts of the same length, it was proved that longitudinal cuts are subjected to greater stretching than transverse ones.

Langer's lines show the correct direction of skin incisions only on the motionless arm, on the arm of the corpse. Making skin incisions along Langer's lines, which are not visible, only imprinted in the memory of the surgeon, is still widespread, while visible and providing a good incision of skin formations are rarely taken into account. If we draw incision lines in different directions to the grooves of the palmar surface of the hand and observe them during the movement of the hand, it is not difficult to come to the conclusion that among the lines of different directions the greatest changes - shortening, compression, deformation - are undergone by a line perpendicular to the grooves of the skin.

When unbending, it lengthens and strains, that is, it stretches to a greater extent than the rest lines... The incisions running parallel to the natural furrows are the least stretched. With the deviation of the direction of the incisions from parallel to perpendicular, the degree of wound stretching increases.

Stretching wounds are hyperplasia of granulation tissue, the formation of multiple scars, and finally wrinkling: skin contracture. Primary contracture of the skin may be accompanied by secondary damage to the subcutaneous tissue, tendon sheath, tendons themselves, and also joints. In the course of practical work, you can often be convinced of this when examining the scars formed after the median, perpendicular to the grooves of the skin, cuts on the hand, longitudinal cuts on the palmar surface of the wrist, on the palm, at the base of the fingers, and also on the palmar surface of the phalanges.
In contrast, wounds that run parallel to the natural grooves of the skin heal with little or no scarring.

When studying functional hand skin anatomy it is necessary to dwell on those parts of the skin of the hand that are indifferent areas from the point of view of stretching (Bunnell). The incisions in these areas are subject to some stretching, however, they do not lead to skin contractures. The big advantage of an incision made along the "neutral" line is that it runs somewhat dorsally in relation to the vessels and nerves located along the antero-lateral edge, in the longitudinal direction, thereby reducing the risk of damage to these formations.

The neutrality of this areas in terms of stretching is partly due to morphological, partly functional reasons. The dense, thick palm skin in this area merges into the thinner skin on the back of the fingers. When flexing or unbending the phalanges of the fingers, the movement of the skin of the palmar and dorsal surfaces is the opposite. When the skin on the back of the hand is strained, the skin of the palm wrinkles. The line along which stretching in opposite directions seems to be neutralized is called the neutral line.