26.11.2021
Units of measurement for distances, energies and masses. Atomic mass unit How is the kinetic energy of an electron measured?
> Electronvolt
Find out how to make a transfer electron-volt to joules. Read the definition of electron volts, potential difference, particle accelerator, mass, inertia, wavelength.
Electron-volt- a unit of energy used in the physics of elementary charges and electricity.
Learning challenge
- Conversion of electron volts and energy units.
Key points
- Electronvolt - the amount of energy received or lost by an electron charge moving along a single-voltage electrical potential difference (1.602 × 10 -19 J).
- Electronvolt has gained popularity in science due to experimentation. Typically, scientists faced with electrostatic particle accelerators used the ratio of energy, charge and potential difference: E = qV.
- Electron volt can be used in various calculations.
Terms
- A particle accelerator is a device that accelerates charged particles to incredibly high speeds in order to induce high-energy reactions and obtain high energy.
- Potential difference is the difference in potential energy between two points in an electric field.
- Electronvolt is a unit of measurement for the energy of subatomic particles (1.6022 × 10 -19 J).
Overview
An electron volt (eV) is a unit of energy that is used in physics for elementary charges and electricity. We are talking about the amount of energy received or lost by the charge of an electron, which is displaced along the one-voltage electrical potential difference. You need to know how to convert electron volts to joules. Value - 1.602 × 10 -19 J.
Electronvolt is not included in the list of official units, but has become useful due to its use in numerous experiments. Researchers working with particle accelerators used the ratio of energy, charge and potential difference:
All calculations were quantized to the elementary charge at a specific voltage, which is why the electron volt began to be used as a unit of measurement.
Inertia
Electronvolt and momentum are energy measurements. Using the potential difference with the electron, we get energy, which is manifested in the movement of the electron. It has mass, speed and momentum. If we divide the electron volt by a constant with units of speed, then we get an impulse.
Weight
Mass is equivalent to energy, so the electron volt affects mass. The formula E = mc 2 can be rearranged to solve the mass:
Wavelength
Energy, frequency and wavelength are related by the ratio:
(h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light).
As a result, a photon with a wavelength of 532 nm (green light) would have an energy of about 2.33 eV. Likewise, 1 eV would correspond to an infrared photon whose wavelength is 1240 nm.
The relationship between wavelength and energy, expressed in electron volts
Temperature
In plasma physics, electron voltage can be applied as a unit of temperature. To convert to Kelvin, divide the 1eV value by the Boltzmann constant: 1.3806505 (24) × 10 -23 J / K.
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1 attojoule [aJ] = 0.006241506363094 kiloelectron-volt [keV]
Initial value
Converted value
joule gigajoule megajoule kilojoule millijoule microjoule nanojoule picojoule attojoule megaelectronvolt kiloelectronvolt electron volt millielectronvolt microelectronvolt nanoelectronvolt picoelectronvolt erg gigawatt hours megawatt-hours horsepower kilowatt hours -hour international kilocalorie thermochemical kilocalorie international calorie thermochemical calorie large (food) cal. Brit. term. Unit (Int., IT) Brit. term. unit term. mega BTU (Int., IT) ton-hour (refrigerating capacity) equivalent tonne of oil equivalent barrel of oil (US) gigatonne megatonne TNT kilotonne TNT tonne TNT dyne-centimeter gram-force-meter gram-force-centimeter kilogram-force-centimeter kilogram -force-meter kilopond-meter pound-force-feet pound-force inches ounce-force inches feet-pounds inch-pounds inch-ounces poundal feet term (EEC) term (US) Hartree energy equivalent of gigatons of oil equivalent of megatons oil kilobarrels equivalent of oil billions of barrels of oil equivalent kilogram of trinitrotoluene Planck energy kilogram reciprocal meter hertz gigahertz terahertz kelvin atomic mass unit
More about energy
General information
Energy is a physical quantity of great importance in chemistry, physics, and biology. Without it, life on earth and movement are impossible. In physics, energy is a measure of the interaction of matter, as a result of which work is performed or the transition of some types of energy to others occurs. In the SI system, energy is measured in joules. One joule is equal to the energy expended when a body moves one meter by a force of one newton.
Energy in physics
Kinetic and potential energy
Kinetic energy of a body mass m moving at speed v equal to the work done by the force to give the body speed v... Work here is defined as a measure of the action of a force that moves a body a distance s... In other words, it is the energy of a moving body. If the body is at rest, then the energy of such a body is called potential energy. This is the energy required to keep the body in this state.
For example, when a tennis ball hits the racket in flight, it stops momentarily. This is because the forces of repulsion and gravity cause the ball to freeze in the air. At this moment, the ball has potential, but no kinetic energy. When the ball bounces off the racket and flies away, on the contrary, it has kinetic energy. A moving body has both potential and kinetic energy, and one type of energy is converted into another. If, for example, toss up a stone, it will begin to slow down during flight. As this slows down, kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. This transformation takes place until the supply of kinetic energy is exhausted. At this moment, the stone will stop and the potential energy will reach its maximum value. After that, it will begin to fall downward with acceleration, and the transformation of energy will occur in the reverse order. Kinetic energy will peak when the rock hits the ground.
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy in a closed system is conserved. The energy of the stone in the previous example changes from one form to another, and therefore, despite the fact that the amount of potential and kinetic energy changes during flight and fall, the total sum of these two energies remains constant.
Energy production
People have long learned to use energy to solve labor-intensive tasks with the help of technology. Potential and kinetic energy is used to do work, such as moving objects. For example, the energy of the flow of river water has long been used to obtain flour in water mills. The more people use technology, such as cars and computers, in their daily lives, the more the need for energy increases. Most of the energy today is generated from non-renewable sources. That is, energy is obtained from the fuel extracted from the bowels of the Earth, and it is quickly used, but not renewed at the same rate. Such fuels are, for example, coal, oil and uranium, which are used in nuclear power plants. In recent years, the governments of many countries, as well as many international organizations, for example, the UN, have prioritized the study of the possibilities of obtaining renewable energy from inexhaustible sources using new technologies. A lot of scientific research is aimed at obtaining these types of energy at the lowest cost. Currently, sources such as sun, wind and waves are used to obtain renewable energy.
Energy for household and industrial use is usually converted to electricity using batteries and generators. The first power plants in history generated electricity by burning coal or using the energy of water in rivers. Later, they learned to use oil, gas, sun and wind to generate energy. Some large enterprises maintain their power plants on site, but most of the energy is generated not where it will be used, but in power plants. Therefore, the main task of power engineers is to transform the generated energy into a form that allows it to easily deliver energy to the consumer. This is especially important when expensive or hazardous power generation technologies are used that require constant supervision by specialists, such as hydro and nuclear power. That is why electricity was chosen for domestic and industrial use, since it is easy to transmit it with low losses over long distances through power lines.
Electricity is converted from mechanical, thermal and other types of energy. For this, water, steam, heated gas or air are driven by turbines that rotate generators, where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Steam is produced by heating water using heat from nuclear reactions or from burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are extracted from the bowels of the earth. These are gas, oil, coal and other combustible materials formed underground. Since their number is limited, they are classified as non-renewable fuels. Renewable energy sources are sun, wind, biomass, ocean energy, and geothermal energy.
In remote areas where there are no power lines, or where electricity is regularly cut off due to economic or political problems, portable generators and solar panels are used. Fossil-fueled generators are especially commonly used both in the home and in organizations where electricity is absolutely necessary, such as hospitals. Generators usually run on reciprocating engines, in which fuel energy is converted into mechanical energy. Also popular are uninterruptible power supplies with powerful batteries that charge when power is supplied and release energy during outages.
Do you find it difficult to translate a unit of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and you will receive an answer within a few minutes.
Length and Distance Converter Mass Converter Bulk and Food Volume Converter Area Converter Culinary Recipe Volume and Units Converter Temperature Converter Pressure, Stress, Young's Modulus Converter Energy and Work Converter Power Converter Force Converter Time Converter Linear Velocity Converter Flat Angle Converter Thermal Efficiency and Fuel Efficiency Numeric Conversion Systems Converter of Information Measurement Systems Currency Rates Women's Clothing and Shoes Sizes Men's Clothing and Shoes Sizes Angular Velocity and Rotation Rate Converter Acceleration Converter Angular Acceleration Converter Density Converter Specific Volume Converter Moment of Inertia Converter Moment of Force Converter Torque converter Specific calorific value (mass) converter Energy density and specific calorific value (volume) converter Temperature difference converter Coefficient converter Thermal expansion coefficient Thermal resistance converter Thermal conductivity converter Specific heat capacity converter Thermal exposure and radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volumetric flow rate converter Mass flow rate Molar flow rate converter Mass flux density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter absolute) viscosity Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Water vapor flux density converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Sound pressure level (SPL) converter Sound pressure level converter with selectable reference pressure Luminance converter Luminous intensity converter Illumination converter Computer graphics resolution converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Optical Power in Diopters and Focal distance Diopter power and lens magnification (×) Electric charge converter Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Bulk charge density converter Electric current linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Converter electrical resistivity Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance converter American wire gauge converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBmW), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing Radiation Absorbed Dose Rate Converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay Radiation converter. Exposure Dose Converter Radiation. Absorbed Dose Converter Decimal Prefix Converter Data Transfer Typography and Image Processing Unit Converter Timber Volume Unit Converter Calculating Molar Mass Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D. I. Mendeleev
1 joule [J] = 6.241506363094E + 15 keV [keV]
Initial value
Converted value
joule gigajoule megajoule kilojoule millijoule microjoule nanojoule picojoule attojoule megaelectronvolt kiloelectronvolt electron volt millielectronvolt microelectronvolt nanoelectronvolt picoelectronvolt erg gigawatt hours megawatt-hours horsepower kilowatt hours -hour international kilocalorie thermochemical kilocalorie international calorie thermochemical calorie large (food) cal. Brit. term. Unit (Int., IT) Brit. term. unit term. mega BTU (Int., IT) ton-hour (refrigerating capacity) equivalent tonne of oil equivalent barrel of oil (US) gigatonne megatonne TNT kilotonne TNT tonne TNT dyne-centimeter gram-force-meter gram-force-centimeter kilogram-force-centimeter kilogram -force-meter kilopond-meter pound-force-feet pound-force inches ounce-force inches feet-pounds inch-pounds inch-ounces poundal feet term (EEC) term (US) Hartree energy equivalent of gigatons of oil equivalent of megatons oil kilobarrels equivalent of oil billions of barrels of oil equivalent kilogram of trinitrotoluene Planck energy kilogram reciprocal meter hertz gigahertz terahertz kelvin atomic mass unit
More about energy
General information
Energy is a physical quantity of great importance in chemistry, physics, and biology. Without it, life on earth and movement are impossible. In physics, energy is a measure of the interaction of matter, as a result of which work is performed or the transition of some types of energy to others occurs. In the SI system, energy is measured in joules. One joule is equal to the energy expended when a body moves one meter by a force of one newton.
Energy in physics
Kinetic and potential energy
Kinetic energy of a body mass m moving at speed v equal to the work done by the force to give the body speed v... Work here is defined as a measure of the action of a force that moves a body a distance s... In other words, it is the energy of a moving body. If the body is at rest, then the energy of such a body is called potential energy. This is the energy required to keep the body in this state.
For example, when a tennis ball hits the racket in flight, it stops momentarily. This is because the forces of repulsion and gravity cause the ball to freeze in the air. At this moment, the ball has potential, but no kinetic energy. When the ball bounces off the racket and flies away, on the contrary, it has kinetic energy. A moving body has both potential and kinetic energy, and one type of energy is converted into another. If, for example, toss up a stone, it will begin to slow down during flight. As this slows down, kinetic energy is converted into potential energy. This transformation takes place until the supply of kinetic energy is exhausted. At this moment, the stone will stop and the potential energy will reach its maximum value. After that, it will begin to fall downward with acceleration, and the transformation of energy will occur in the reverse order. Kinetic energy will peak when the rock hits the ground.
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy in a closed system is conserved. The energy of the stone in the previous example changes from one form to another, and therefore, despite the fact that the amount of potential and kinetic energy changes during flight and fall, the total sum of these two energies remains constant.
Energy production
People have long learned to use energy to solve labor-intensive tasks with the help of technology. Potential and kinetic energy is used to do work, such as moving objects. For example, the energy of the flow of river water has long been used to obtain flour in water mills. The more people use technology, such as cars and computers, in their daily lives, the more the need for energy increases. Most of the energy today is generated from non-renewable sources. That is, energy is obtained from the fuel extracted from the bowels of the Earth, and it is quickly used, but not renewed at the same rate. Such fuels are, for example, coal, oil and uranium, which are used in nuclear power plants. In recent years, the governments of many countries, as well as many international organizations, for example, the UN, have prioritized the study of the possibilities of obtaining renewable energy from inexhaustible sources using new technologies. A lot of scientific research is aimed at obtaining these types of energy at the lowest cost. Currently, sources such as sun, wind and waves are used to obtain renewable energy.
Energy for household and industrial use is usually converted to electricity using batteries and generators. The first power plants in history generated electricity by burning coal or using the energy of water in rivers. Later, they learned to use oil, gas, sun and wind to generate energy. Some large enterprises maintain their power plants on site, but most of the energy is generated not where it will be used, but in power plants. Therefore, the main task of power engineers is to transform the generated energy into a form that allows it to easily deliver energy to the consumer. This is especially important when expensive or hazardous power generation technologies are used that require constant supervision by specialists, such as hydro and nuclear power. That is why electricity was chosen for domestic and industrial use, since it is easy to transmit it with low losses over long distances through power lines.
Electricity is converted from mechanical, thermal and other types of energy. For this, water, steam, heated gas or air are driven by turbines that rotate generators, where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Steam is produced by heating water using heat from nuclear reactions or from burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are extracted from the bowels of the earth. These are gas, oil, coal and other combustible materials formed underground. Since their number is limited, they are classified as non-renewable fuels. Renewable energy sources are sun, wind, biomass, ocean energy, and geothermal energy.
In remote areas where there are no power lines, or where electricity is regularly cut off due to economic or political problems, portable generators and solar panels are used. Fossil-fueled generators are especially commonly used both in the home and in organizations where electricity is absolutely necessary, such as hospitals. Generators usually run on reciprocating engines, in which fuel energy is converted into mechanical energy. Also popular are uninterruptible power supplies with powerful batteries that charge when power is supplied and release energy during outages.
Do you find it difficult to translate a unit of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and you will receive an answer within a few minutes.
Basic information
One electron-volt is equal to the energy required to transfer an elementary charge in an electrostatic field between points with a potential difference of 1. Since work during charge transfer q is equal to qU(where U is the potential difference), and the elementary charge of particles, for example, an electron is −1.602 176 565 (35) · 10 −19 C, then:
1 eV = 1.602 176 565 (35) · 10 −19 J = 1.602 176 565 (35) · 10 −12 erg .In chemistry, the molar equivalent of an electron volt is often used. If one mole of electrons is transferred between points with a potential difference of 1 V, it gains (or loses) energy Q= 96 485.3365 (21) J equal to the product of 1 eV and Avogadro's number. This value is numerically equal to the Faraday constant. Similarly, if during a chemical reaction in one mole of a substance an energy of 96.5 kJ is released (or absorbed), then, accordingly, each molecule loses (or gains) about 1 eV.
The decay width Γ of elementary particles and other quantum-mechanical states, for example, nuclear energy levels, is also measured in electron volts. The decay width is the uncertainty of the energy of the state associated with the lifetime of the state τ by the uncertainty relation: Γ = ħ /τ ). A particle with a decay width of 1 eV has a lifetime of 6.582 119 28 (15) · 10 −16 s. Similarly, a quantum-mechanical state with a lifetime of 1 s has a width 6.582 119 28 (15) 10-16 eV.
Multiples and submultiples
In nuclear and high-energy physics, derived units are commonly used: kiloelectronvolts (keV, keV, 103 eV), megaelectronvolts (MeV, MeV, 106 eV), gigaelectronvolts (GeV, GeV, 10 9 eV) and teraelectronvolts (TeV, TeV , 10 12 eV). In the physics of cosmic rays, in addition, petaelectronvolts (PeV, PeV, 10 15 eV) and exaelectronvolts (EeV, EeV, 10 18 eV) are used. In solid state band theory, semiconductor physics and neutrino physics - millielectronvolts (meV, meV, 10 −3 eV).
| Multiples | Long-term | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnitude | title | designation | magnitude | title | designation | ||
| 10 1 eV | decaelectronvolt | daeV | daeV | 10 −1 eV | decielectronvolt | deV | deV |
| 10 2 eV | hectoelectronvolt | geV | heV | 10 −2 eV | centielectronvolt | seV | ceV |
| 10 3 eV | keV | keV | keV | 10 −3 eV | millielectronvolt | meV | meV |
| 10 6 eV | megaelectronvolt | MeV | MeV | 10 −6 eV | microelectronvolt | μeV | µeV |
| 10 9 eV | gigaelectronvolt | GeV | GeV | 10-9 eV | nanoelectronvolt | neV | neV |
| 10 12 eV | teraelectronvolt | TeV | TeV | 10-12 eV | picoelectronvolt | peV | peV |
| 10 15 eV | petaelectronvolt | PeV | PeV | 10-15 eV | femtoelectronvolt | feV | feV |
| 10 18 eV | exaelectronvolt | EeV | EeV | 10 −18 eV | attoelectronvolt | aeV | aeV |
| 10 21 eV | zettaelectronvolt | ZeV | ZeV | 10 −21 eV | zeptoelectronvolt | zeV | zeV |
| 10 24 eV | iottaelectronvolt | IeV | Yev | 10-24 eV | yoktoelectronvolt | ueV | yeV |
| not recommended | |||||||
Some values of energies and masses in electron volts
| Thermal energy of translational motion of one molecule at room temperature | 0.025 eV |
| Ionization energy of a hydrogen atom | 13.6 eV |
| The energy of an electron in the ray tube of a TV | About 20 keV |
| Cosmic ray energies | 1 MeV - 1 10 21 eV |
| Typical nuclear fission energy | |
|---|---|
| alpha particles | 2-10 MeV |
| beta particles and gamma rays | 0-20 MeV |
| Particle masses | |
| Neutrino | 0.2 - 2 eV |
| Electron | 0.510998910 (13) MeV |
| Proton | 938.272013 (23) MeV |
| Higgs boson | 125 - 126 GeV |
| Planck mass | |
| ≈ 1.2209 10 19 GeV | |
Notes (edit)
Links
- Online converter of electronvolts to other number systems
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:In an electrostatic field between points with a potential difference of 1. Since work during charge transfer q is equal to qU(where U is the potential difference), and the elementary charge is 1.602 176 6208 (98) 10 −19 C, then:
1 eV = 1.602 176 6208 (98) 10 −19 J = 1.602 176 6208 (98) 10 −12 erg .Basic information
In electron volts, the energy of quanta of electromagnetic radiation (photons) is expressed. The energy of photons with a frequency ν in electron volts is numerically equal to hν/ E eV, and radiation with a wavelength λ - hc/(λ E eV), where h is Planck's constant, and E eV - energy equal to one electron-volt, expressed in units of the same system of units as used to express h, ν and λ. Since for ultrarelativistic particles, including photons, λ E = hc, then when calculating the energy of photons with a known wavelength (and vice versa), a conversion factor is often useful, which is the product of Planck's constant and the speed of light, expressed in eV nm:
hc= 1239.841 9739 (76) eV nm ≈ 1240 eV nm.Thus, a photon with a wavelength of 1 nm has an energy of 1240 eV; a photon with an energy of 10 eV has a wavelength of 124 nm, etc.
the work function for an external photoelectric effect is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a substance under the influence of light.
In chemistry, the molar equivalent of an electron volt is often used. If one mole of electrons or singly charged ions is transferred between points with a potential difference of 1 V, it gains (or loses) energy Q= 96 485.332 89 (59) J equal to the product of 1 eV and Avogadro's number. This value is numerically equal to the Faraday constant. Similarly, if during a chemical reaction in one mole of a substance an energy of 96.5 kJ is released (or absorbed), then, accordingly, each molecule loses (or gains) about 1 eV.
The decay width Γ of elementary particles and other quantum-mechanical states, for example, nuclear energy levels, is also measured in electron volts. The decay width is the uncertainty of the energy of the state associated with the lifetime of the state τ by the uncertainty relation: Γ = ħ /τ ). A particle with a decay width of 1 eV has a lifetime 6.582 119 514 (40) 10 -16 s... Similarly, a quantum-mechanical state with a lifetime of 1 s has a width 6.582 119 514 (40) 10-16 eV.
One of the first to use the term "electron volt" was the American engineer K. K. Darrow in 1923.
Multiples and submultiples
In nuclear and high-energy physics, multiple units are commonly used: kiloelectronvolts (keV, keV, 103 eV), megaelectronvolts (MeV, MeV, 106 eV), gigaelectronvolts (GeV, GeV, 10 9 eV) and teraelectronvolts (TeV, TeV , 10 12 eV). In the physics of cosmic rays, in addition, petaelectronvolts (PeV, PeV, 10 15 eV) and exaelectronvolts (EeV, EeV, 10 18 eV) are used. In the band theory of solids, semiconductor physics and physics, neutrinos are fractional units: millielectron-volts (meV, meV, 10 −3 eV).
| Multiples | Long-term | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnitude | title | designation | magnitude | title | designation | ||
| 10 1 eV | decaelectronvolt | daeV | daeV | 10 −1 eV | decielectronvolt | deV | deV |
| 10 2 eV | hectoelectronvolt | geV | heV | 10 −2 eV | centielectronvolt | seV | ceV |
| 10 3 eV | keV | keV | keV | 10 −3 eV | millielectronvolt | meV | meV |
| 10 6 eV | megaelectronvolt | MeV | MeV | 10 −6 eV | microelectronvolt | μeV | µeV |
| 10 9 eV | gigaelectronvolt | GeV | GeV | 10-9 eV | nanoelectronvolt | neV | neV |
| 10 12 eV | teraelectronvolt | TeV | TeV | 10-12 eV | picoelectronvolt | peV | peV |
| 10 15 eV | petaelectronvolt | PeV | PeV | 10-15 eV | femtoelectronvolt | feV | feV |
| 10 18 eV | exaelectronvolt | EeV | EeV | 10 −18 eV | attoelectronvolt | aeV | aeV |
| 10 21 eV | zettaelectronvolt | ZeV | ZeV | 10 −21 eV | zeptoelectronvolt | zeV | zeV |
| 10 24 eV | iottaelectronvolt | IeV | Yev | 10-24 eV | ioctoelectronvolt | ueV | yeV |
| not recommended | |||||||
Some values of energies and masses in electron volts
| The energy of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 1 THz | 4.13 meV |
| Thermal energy of translational motion of one molecule at room temperature | 0.025 eV |
| Energy of a photon with a wavelength of 1240 nm (near infrared region of the optical spectrum) | 1.0 eV |
| Photon energy with a wavelength of ~ 500 nm (border of green and blue colors in the visible spectrum) | ~ 2.5 eV |
| The energy of formation of one water molecule from hydrogen and oxygen | 3.0 eV |
| Rydberg's constant (almost equal to the ionization energy of a hydrogen atom) | 13.605 693 009 (84) eV |
| The energy of an electron in the ray tube of a TV | About 20 keV |
| Cosmic ray energies | 1 MeV - 1 10 21 eV |
| Typical nuclear fission energy | |
|---|---|
| alpha particles | 2-10 MeV |
| beta particles | 0.1-6 MeV |
| gamma rays | 0-5 MeV |
| Particle masses | |
| Neutrino | The sum of the masses of all three fragrances< 0,28 эВ |
| Electron | 0.510 998 9461 (31) MeV |
| Proton | 938.272 0813 (58) MeV |
| Higgs boson | 125.09 ± 0.24 GeV |
| t-quark | 173.315 ± 0.485 ± 1.23 GeV |
| Planck mass | |
| 1.220 910 (29) 10 19 GeV | |
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Notes (edit)
- Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2009 No. 879.
- Electronvolt // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov... - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/Table/allascii.txt Fundamental Physical Constants - Complete Listing
- // Physical encyclopedia / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998. - T. 5. Stroboscopic devices - Brightness. - S. 545 .-- 760 p. - ISBN 5-85270-101-7.
- In educational and popular science literature, the masses of elementary particles are often expressed in SI units or in a. eat.
- - CMS Collaboration, CERN: "Electronvolt (eV): A unit of energy or mass used in particle physics". (English)
- Darrow K. K.(English) // Bell System Technical Journal. - Vol. 2 (4). - P. 110.
- Equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of water in joules per mole divided by Avogadro's constant and divided by the electron charge modulus in coulombs
Links
Excerpt characterizing Electronvolt
The Rostovs' financial affairs did not recover during the two years they spent in the village.Despite the fact that Nikolai Rostov, firmly adhering to his intention, continued to serve in a dark regiment, spending relatively little money, the course of life in Otradnoye was such, and especially Mitenka did business in such a way that debts grew uncontrollably every year. The only help that the old count evidently presented was service, and he came to Petersburg to look for places; look for places and at the same time, as he spoke, amuse the girls for the last time.
Soon after the Rostovs arrived in St. Petersburg, Berg proposed to Vera, and his offer was accepted.
Despite the fact that in Moscow the Rostovs belonged to high society, without knowing it and not thinking about which society they belonged to, in Petersburg their society was mixed and indefinite. In Petersburg they were provincials, to whom the very people did not descend, whom the Rostovs fed in Moscow without asking them what society they belonged to.
The Rostovs lived in Petersburg as hospitably as in Moscow, and at their dinners the most diverse people converged: neighbors in Otradnoye, old poor landowners with their daughters and the maid of honor Peronskaya, Pierre Bezukhov and the son of the district postmaster who served in Petersburg. From men, domestic people in the Rostovs' house in St. Petersburg very soon became Boris, Pierre, whom he met on the street, was dragged to his place by the old count, and Berg, who spent whole days with the Rostovs and showed the elder Countess Vera such attention that a young man can give intending to make an offer.
It was not for nothing that Berg showed everyone his right hand, wounded in the Battle of Austerlitz, and held a completely unnecessary sword in his left. He told everyone this event so persistently and with such significance that everyone believed in the expediency and dignity of this act, and Berg received two awards for Austerlitz.
In the Finnish War, he also managed to distinguish himself. He picked up a grenade splinter that killed the adjutant near the commander-in-chief and presented this splinter to the commander. Just like after Austerlitz, he told everyone about this event for so long and persistently that everyone believed that it was necessary to do it, and Berg received two awards for the Finnish War. In 1919 he was a captain of the guard with orders and occupied some special advantageous places in St. Petersburg.
Although some freethinkers smiled when they were told about Berg's dignity, it was impossible not to agree that Berg was a serviceable, brave officer, in an excellent account with his superiors, and a moral young man with a brilliant career ahead and even a solid position in society.
Four years ago, meeting in the stalls of a Moscow theater with a German comrade, Berg pointed to Vera Rostova and said in German: “Das soll mein Weib werden” [She must be my wife] and from that moment decided to marry her. Now, in Petersburg, realizing the position of the Rostovs and his own, he decided that the time had come, and made an offer.
Berg's proposal was initially accepted with perplexity, which was unflattering for him. At first it seemed strange that the son of a dark, Livonian nobleman was making an offer to Countess Rostova; but Berg's main character trait was such a naive and good-natured egoism that the Rostovs involuntarily thought it would be good if he himself was so firmly convinced that it was good and even very good. Moreover, the Rostovs' affairs were very upset, which the groom could not but know, and most importantly, Vera was 24 years old, she traveled everywhere, and, despite the fact that she was undoubtedly good and reasonable, no one has ever proposed to her. ... Consent was given.
“You see,” Berg said to his comrade, whom he called a friend only because he knew that all people have friends. - You see, I figured it all out, and I would not marry if I didn’t think it over, and for some reason it would be inconvenient. And now, on the contrary, my papa and mamma are now provided for, I arranged this lease for them in the Ostsee Territory, and I can live in Petersburg with my salary, with her condition and with my accuracy. You can live well. I'm not getting married for money, I consider it ignoble, but it is necessary that the wife bring her own, and the husband his. I have a service - she has connections and little funds. It means something like that nowadays, doesn't it? And most importantly, she is a wonderful, respectable girl and loves me ...
Berg blushed and smiled.
- And I love her, because she has a reasonable character - very good. Here is her other sister - of the same surname, but completely different, and an unpleasant character, and there is no mind, and such, you know? ... It's unpleasant ... And my fiancee ... You will come to us ... - Berg continued, he wanted to say dinner, but changed his mind and said: "To drink tea," and, piercing it quickly with his tongue, he released a round, small ring of tobacco smoke, which fully embodied his dreams of happiness.
Near the first feeling of bewilderment aroused in the parents by Berg's proposal, the usual festivity and joy in such cases settled in the family, but the joy was not sincere, but outward. In the feelings of the family about this wedding, confusion and bashfulness were noticeable. As if they were ashamed now that they loved Vera a little, and now they were so willing to get away with her. The old count was most embarrassed. He probably would not know how to name what was the cause of his embarrassment, and the reason was his money affairs. He decidedly did not know what he had, how much debts he had, and what he would be able to give as a dowry to Faith. When the daughters were born, each was assigned 300 souls as a dowry; but one of these villages had already been sold, the other was mortgaged and was so expired that it had to be sold, so it was impossible to give the estate. There was no money either.
Berg had been the groom for more than a month and only a week remained before the wedding, and the count had not yet decided with himself the question of the dowry and had not talked about it with his wife. The count either wanted to separate the Ryazan estate to Vera, then he wanted to sell the timber, then he wanted to borrow money against a bill. A few days before the wedding, Berg entered the count's office early in the morning and, with a pleasant smile, respectfully asked the future father-in-law to announce to him what would be given for Countess Vera. The count was so embarrassed by this long anticipated question that he thoughtlessly said the first thing that came to his mind.
- I love that I took care, I love you, you will be satisfied ...
And he, patting Berg on the shoulder, stood up, wanting to end the conversation. But Berg, smiling pleasantly, explained that if he did not know correctly what would be given for Vera, and did not receive in advance even a part of what was assigned to her, he would be forced to refuse.
- Because judge, Count, if I now allowed myself to marry, without having certain means to support my wife, I would have acted vile ...
The conversation ended with the count, wishing to be generous and not subject to new requests, said that he was issuing a bill of 80 thousand. Berg smiled meekly, kissed the count on the shoulder and said that he was very grateful, but now he could not find a job in a new life without receiving 30 thousand dollars in pure money. “At least 20 thousand, Count,” he added; - and then only a bill of 60 thousand.
- Yes, yes, well, - the count spoke quickly, - just excuse me, my friend, I will give 20 thousand, and besides, a bill for 80 thousand ladies. So then, kiss me.
Natasha was 16 years old, and it was 1809, the same year she had counted on her fingers with Boris four years ago after she kissed him. Since then, she has never seen Boris. In front of Sonya and her mother, when the conversation turned about Boris, she spoke quite freely as if about a decided matter, that everything that had happened before was childishness, which was not worth talking about, and which had long been forgotten. But in the deepest depths of her soul, the question of whether the commitment to Boris was a joke or an important, binding promise tormented her.
Ever since Boris left Moscow for the army in 1805, he has not seen the Rostovs. He visited Moscow several times, passed not far from Otradnoye, but never once visited the Rostovs.
It sometimes occurred to Natasha that he did not want to see her, and these guesses of her were confirmed by the sad tone in which the elders used to say about him:
“They don't remember old friends in this century,” the countess said after the mention of Boris.
Anna Mikhailovna, who recently visited the Rostovs less often, also behaved in a particularly dignified manner, and each time spoke enthusiastically and gratefully about the merits of her son and about the brilliant career on which he was. When the Rostovs arrived in St. Petersburg, Boris came to visit them.
He rode to them not without excitement. The memory of Natasha was the most poetic memory of Boris. But at the same time, he rode with the firm intention to make it clear to both her and her family that the childhood relationship between him and Natasha could not be an obligation either for her or for him. He had a brilliant position in society, thanks to intimacy with Countess Bezukhova, a brilliant position in the service, thanks to the patronage of an important person, whose trust he fully enjoyed, and he had nascent plans to marry one of the richest brides of St. Petersburg, which could very easily come true ... When Boris entered the Rostovs' drawing-room, Natasha was in her room. Upon learning of his arrival, she almost ran into the living room, flushed, beaming with a more than affectionate smile.
