12.02.2019
Raphael painter of renaissance painting. Works by Raphael Santi: list, photo. Painting by Raphael in the Vatican Loggias
He was a master of photorealistic depiction of emotions in great detail, which brought life to the paintings. Raphael is considered a perfectly "balanced" artist, and many of his paintings are rightfully recognized cornerstones Renaissance art. Here are 10 of the most famous paintings by this great Italian artist.
He appears stern, dressed in black, without any adornment, with a stern expression, grinding his teeth and looking at the observer. This is undoubtedly character traits his temperament, because they look the same in the self-portrait of Perugino, who did not care to leave a peculiar image to posterity.
Fresco "Wisdom. Moderation. Strength"
François-Edouard Cibo, a neo-colonial French painter specializing in historical themes, presented a scene in which Master Perugino observes a sketch presented to him by his student Raphael within serene Perugia. The woman with the child and the shepherd are the premonitary models of the Madonna and San Juan Bautista, which Raphael would later pronounce on his canvases.
Raphael. 10 iconic works.
Year of creation: 1504
Based on a painting with the same theme, but by Pietro Perugino, The Marriage of the Virgin Mary depicts the marriage of the heroine to Joseph. There is an evolution of Raphael's style, which surpasses Perugino. The temple in the background is drawn with such obvious care that it is surprising to imagine what difficulties the author had to go through at the time of writing.
Figure 8: "El Perugino and Rafael in Perugia". There is a drawing that is seen as an early self-portrait made in his youth, where he already shows the quality of his art. Perugino's influence in the style of the young Raphael was noted and changed only when he moved to Rome and became acquainted with the school of Michelangelo and other great masters. Comparison of paintings on the same subject "The Betrothal of the Virgin" by each of the Umbrian masters allows us to check the degree of influence of Perugino in the work of Raphael.
In the self-portrait, the author tries to communicate not only with his physical features but also with his personality. In this case, young Rafael, dressed in a simple way, on dark background, which emphasizes even greater pallor, looks into our eyes with an expression of serenity, but slightly melancholy. Another controversy arises over the cause of Raphael's untimely death. Ramazzini attributes it to professional intoxication, while Vasari attributes it to amorous excesses based on the artist's reputation as a sex addict, adding data that would indicate medical malpractice.
Year of creation: 1506
The painting depicting the famous legend of Saint George slaying the dragon is perhaps the most iconic of all the works on this subject. It was one of the Hermitage's most popular exhibits until it found its place in the National Gallery of Art (Washington), where it remains one of the most popular works to this day.
According to his biographer Rafael, after a night of particularly agitated, feverish passion, he did not want to admit to the doctors what caused the ailment, and was improperly bled to the doctors, which aggravated the anemia and took him to the hospital. grave. Today the cause of death of Raphael, which occurred in Good Friday, remains unknown, but Ramazzini's hypothesis sounds more plausible than Vasari's account of his amorous excesses. The truth is that our colleagues have rushed to the end of a genius that has so far had so much beauty to give to the world.
Year of creation: 1515
The famous portrait of Donna Velata highlights amazing ability artist to draw with such exquisite perfection that it seems as if the figure is looking at the viewer, blurring the line of reality. The woman's clothes once again show Raphael's attention to detail, which fills the picture with even greater realism. The only thing known about the main character of the picture is that she was the mistress of the author.
Dates from the biography of Rafael Santi
It is also worth noting that Vasari was somewhat addicted to the gossip of the time, which he included in his biographies as truths. Raphael was committed to Mary, the niece of the powerful Cardinal Bibbiena, but was in no hurry to finalize the marriage. The prelate accepts a gesture that signifies trust and appreciation for Raphael's hand when he invites the bride to prolong it. A curious lady appears behind the curtain, possibly Maria Bibbena's mother.
At one point, he thought of giving him a cardinal's hat. Raphael's well-visited Roman workshop inspired the Belgian painter Nicise de Keyser, who put the master at the center of the stage, correcting works submitted by students, surrounded by assistants and models, fed up with waiting for the moment to present. His position in the Vatican court was unsurpassed.
Year of creation: 1510
Along with the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel, the frescoes of Raphael in the Apostolic Palace are the quintessence of the High Renaissance in Rome. One of the four great works (also the School of Athens, Parnassus and the Law) is a discourse on the sacrament. The church painting spans heaven and earth and is rightfully considered one of Raphael's most famous frescoes.
Tapestries for the Sistine Chapel
But Raphael's problem was not housing, economic and social status they were women. Vasari, who never tires of praising his conditions, doesn't mind emphasizing that the artist was " passionate person who loved women very much and was always ready to serve them. Among his lovers he had a beloved Margherita Luti, called "la Fornarina" because she was the daughter of a baker from Trastevere, whom he immortalized in several of his paintings. The legend of this couple, the protagonist of one of the most famous mistresses in history, says that Raphael met La Fornarina when she washed her feet on the banks of the Tiber, and that the artist was fascinated by her figure, her delicate skin and his black eyes.
One of the most significant Renaissance portraits depicts the artist's friend, diplomat and humanist Castiglione, who is considered a typical example of the nobility of that period. The picture influenced such famous artists like Titian, Matisse and Rembrandt.
Year of creation: 1514
This passionate union, which led to several picturesque and literary works, had to remain underground, not so much because of infidelity, but because there was no scandal for anyone in Rome, but because of the huge social gap between Raphael, who was indulged in the Vatican nobility, and a woman whose position was similar to that of a maid. Raphael's infatuation led him to use his image both to represent the courtesan and the Virgin Mary herself. Vasari, the gentleman, never names her, referring only to "the beautiful woman whom Raphael loved until his death".
IN Greek mythology, the beautiful neriad (spirit of the ocean) Garatea is the daughter of Poseidon. She had the misfortune of being married to the jealous one-eyed giant Polyphemus, who kills Akis, the son of Pan, after learning that his wife wanted to cheat on him. Instead of depicting this story, Raphael paints the apotheosis of Galatea. this work, perhaps, has no analogues in the skill of conveying the classical spirit of antiquity.
Courtesan, illuminated by external light, wears a headdress in oriental style and shows a fixed gaze to one side of the observer. Work spawned various interpretations about Fornarina's gesture about portraying right hand in the precordial area. For most art historians, Raphael alludes to the love he professes, backed up by the artist's signature bracelet, which the young woman wears on her left hand, which seems to be a sign of belonging. Before a little biography of Fornarina, Gustave Flaubert wrote: La Fornarina was beautiful woman.
Year of creation: 1507
The popularity of the artist at that time was not connected with his main works, but was built on the basis of numerous small paintings. They are still popular today, and one of the most famous such works is the Beautiful Gardener ("Madonna in a Beautiful Garden"). The picture shows calm communication between the Madonna in an informal pose with the young Christ and the young John the Baptist. This typical example painting by Raphael.
And that's all you need to know. Modern research from x-rays showed that the background of the painting was originally a Renaissance landscape with myrtle plants, a shrub that, along with roses, was associated with Venus, the goddess of love in Greco-Roman mythology. According to historian Jacques Le Goff, Raphael is obviously talking about the images of his beloved female model Fornesins. La Fornarina lent her beautiful face several paintings by Raphael, among which the "Madonna of the Chair", the tando "The Position of the Virgin" is unusual, since she was always represented on a throne or sitting on the ground, but never in an armchair, the one that gives the painting its name.
Year of creation: 1520
Transfiguration is the last painting that Raphael created. It is divided into two logical parts. The top half depicts Christ and the prophets Elijah and Moses on either side of him. In the lower fragment, the apostles unsuccessfully attempt to cure a boy of demonic possession. The painting can be interpreted as depicting the contrast between God and man, where purity and symmetry are above and chaos and darkness are below.
Likewise, the headdress and colorful dress are more typical of the woman of the city than of the mother of God. Maria looks at us with the expression of every mother, proud of her son, whom she lovingly embraces, and little Juan Bautista pays tribute. The whole set conveys humanity and is a prime example realist art of Raphael, which led Vasari to say that "unlike other painters, Raphael really painted life."
There is a German legend about the origin of the Madonna of the Pulpit painting. Accordingly, the hermit was saved from being attacked by a pack of wolves climbing the branches of a tree, which was finally saved by the vinedresser's daughter. In gratitude, the hermit prophesied that both the tree and the girl would be immortalized. A few years later, the daughter got married and had two children. The tree was cut down and the wood was used to make barrels of wine. One day Rafael, walking along countryside, saw a young mother with her two children and, overcoming her beauty, felt compelled to paint them.
Year of creation: 1512
Raphael's masterpiece, as mentioned above, is one of the four frescoes in the Apostolic Palace (Vatican). Critics and art historians believe that among the 21 single figures, one can find all the significant philosophers of Greece. The embodiment of the spirit of the Renaissance - this is most likely the most famous painting by Santi.
Upon learning that he had forgotten his oil paintings, he used chalk to draw a group on the lid of one of the wine barrels, thus immortalizing both the tree and the girl, and fulfilling the hermit's prophecy. The legend inspired the German artist Johann Michael Witmer, who reproduced it by placing it in the vicinity of Rome, as the Colosseum can be seen through the gallery on the left.
It is known that Rafael did not separate from his lover even when he worked, which was a scandal with the Vatican. One of the walls of the Hall of Signara is decorated with the “School of Athens”, which symbolizes philosophy in the Roman temple. Among the many famous people Raphael included his own self-portrait with right side, and on the left - Fornarina on the left, being the only woman large frescoes, this case depicting Hypatia. With this attitude, the artist challenged social norms, showed his love for Margarita and left a testimony to posterity.
10 iconic works by Raphael updated: October 2, 2017 by: Gleb
Date of birth: March 28, 1483
Date of death: April 6, 1520
Place of birth: Urbino, Italy
Raphael (Rafael Santi)(1483-1520) - famous Renaissance painter, Rafael Santi- architect.
Vasari says that Raphael's friend, the merchant Agostino Ghigi, commissioned him to paint the main hall of his palace. Figure 20: details of the "School of Athens". Left: portrait of Fornarina in the figure of the philosopher Hypatia. On the right is a self-portrait of Raphael. This situation between romance and sin has inspired many artists who may have shown their dreams and envy of Urbino's genius. The same Ingres who painted Raphael's cold and ceremonial commitment to Cardinal Bibbiena's niece was curious about lovers with more passion and selflessness, as he did so in no less than 5 versions.
Rafael was born on March 28, 1483 in Italy in the city of Urbino in the family of the poet and artist Giovanni Santi. The future artist begins teaching lessons in painting and creativity from his father.
After the death of his father at the age of 17, Rafael moved to Perugia and entered the studio of the artist P. Perugino to study. where he continued artistic development. Already in this period, the first works of Raphael appeared with general character religious dreaminess inherent in the Urbian school.
In general, Ingres imagined Raphael present at Fornarin, sitting on his knees and painting a picture. In the three performances he made of the stage, he gradually undressed Marguerite. In three paintings, Marguerite is looking at us, making us witness her fall in love, while Raphael is more interested in the canvas he is painting. The headdress and dress are always the same, but he changes the background; the window and trond of "The Lady of the Chair" in the first, "The Transfiguration" in the second, and nothing in the third, since it was left unfinished when the author died.
In three portraits of the famous pair of lovers there is a play of glances; La Fornarina is always looking at us, making us witness how safe she is in regards to what she is performing on her beloved, while Rafael does not take his eyes off the painting, putting his passion for art above sensual passion.
Florentine period
After 2 years, the young man moved to Florence, where such eminent Renaissance artists as Leonardo da Vinci and Fra Bartolomeo worked. Florence itself was able to exert a strong influence on the development of Raphael's artistic taste. Choosing the work of Leonardo da Vinci and Fra Bartolomeo as a model to follow.
Watch how the painter gradually breaks through the main character. Other teachers also came close to insulting the couple's love affair, with more daring ones, until they reached Picasso's confidence. The painter who leaves no brush indeed takes off her shirt with a model who moderately tries to cover her breasts, an attitude that belies the knowing eye and the hand that catches Raphael's foot attracts her more than rejects her, betraying acceptance and complacency.
Pablo Picasso, near the end of his life, at the age of 85, made a series of 347 drawings of extreme eroticism, which earned him the sarcasm of criticism, which he considered the work of a real "old green". The series is dedicated to the famous lovers of Florence, who occupy several drawings of the great Catalan, almost always with the presence of a voyeur, sometimes the Pope, another Michelangelo or a clown figure, such as the figure In the first of the drawings, the voyeur peeks behind the curtain, in the second Miguel Angel hides under the carpet.
So in the images of Raphael Florentine period we can find and correct transmission emotional movements, and the subtlety of play of colors that are so inherent in the work of Leonardo da Vinci, as well as the depth of impression, the ability to arrange groups and reflect reverent degeneration, was taken from the works of Fra Bartolomeo. A natural sense of proportion allowed Raphael to take from someone else's work, only what was close and useful to him.
It was in Florence that Raphael had to study medicine and anatomy, without the knowledge of which the artist of that time could not correctly reflect the human body.
The paintings “Three Graces”, “The Dream of a Knight”, “Christ Blessing”, “Saint Catherine of Alexandria” belong to the Florentine period of Raphael’s work.
The time of Raphael's residence in Florence is considered to be the time of the Madonnas. He was the only one at that time who portrayed Madonna as a young and tender mother. There were written: "Madonna of the House of Tempi", "Madonna of the House of Colonna", "Madonna del Baldakhino", "Madonna with a Goldfinch", "Madonna in the Green", "Madonna Granduk". The latter so pleased the Duke of Tuscany that, having acquired it, he no longer parted with it.
Roman period
The images of the Madonna made Raphael so famous that as a result of Raphael, the Pope himself invited him to Rome to participate with other artists in painting the main halls of the Vatican Palace. But Pope Julius II, having appreciated the frescoes of Raphael, expelled other artists, entrusting Raphael to paint all the halls alone.
The unusual tasks set for Raphael, the proximity of his idol Michelangelo, who at that time began decorating the Sistine Chapel with frescoes, gave rise to a competitive beginning in Raphael, and the classical architecture, most open at that time in Rome, gave his works a divine reflection and clarity for the artistic idea.
In Stanza dela Senyatura, Raphael inflicted a fresco on the entire volume of each wall in 3 rooms, but moved away from the images of saints, depicting plots of ancient culture: Frescoes were painted: "Theology", "Poetry", "Justice" and "The School of Athens" their figures seem to float on the ceiling and become the center for images on the walls.
Below the figure of Theology is the Dispute about the Holy Eucharist, this dispute takes place both in heaven (Jesus Christ, John the Baptist, apostles, prophets, martyrs are depicted) and on earth (fathers of the church and growth of believers are gathered around the altar) and in the middle of the mediators - 4 Gospels brought by angels.
On the fresco "Poetry" was placed under its personification "Parnassus" existing and ancient poets were placed. On the fresco "Justice" above the window there are figures of strength, moderation and prudence, and on the sides the Emperor and the Pope, as the personification of justice. In The School of Athens, Raphael depicted the Greek philosophers Socrates and Heraclitus among their students, highlighting the images of Aristotle the realist and Plato the idealist looking at the sky.
At the same time, the artist creates portraits of his contemporaries: Popes Julius II and Leo X, which were painted in such a lively manner that contemporaries were afraid to look at them. He did not leave the image of the Madonnas either, this period includes: “Madonna with a Veil”, “Madonna from the House of Alba”, and the most famous “Sistine Madonna”. Raphael, restoring the paintings of ancient temples, in the excavations of which he participated, brought some motifs to his paintings.
From 1515, Raphael was constantly at work, the Pope appointed Raphael his chamberlain and knight of the golden spur. Rafael made friends with many representatives of high Roman society, and a crowd of students always gathered around him, catching every word.
Raphael would be versatile in creativity: according to his plans, several churches, villas, palaces were erected. He made sketches for sculptors and even sculpted himself: for example, Raphael owns a marble statue of a child on a dolphin, currently in the Hermitage.
After the death of Michelangelo, Raphael applied his vast knowledge and continued the work begun by Michelangelo on St. Peter's Basilica.
Despite the instructions of Pope Leo X, Raphael did not change the project chosen by Michelangelo and drafted 2 colonnades around the cathedral, in which he wanted to reflect all the monumentality ancient rome but did not have time due to death. His work was completed later by the architect L. Bernini.
Raphael was the founder of portraiture for the next few centuries, because. for him, the person himself was important, as something unusual, which he tried to emphasize. The artist was able to reflect both the greed of the popes and the extraordinary beauty of the Madonnas.
On April 6, 1520, Raphael dies at the age of 37 from consumption, which was common in those days, without completing St. Peter's Cathedral.
Achievements of Rafael Santi:
1225 - the number of works created by Raphael.
From under his brush came such works as "The Sistine Madonna", "Carrying the Cross", "The Triumph of Galatea", "Three Graces".
He was engaged in decorating the Vatican with frescoes in the style of ancient culture: "Theology", "Philosophy", "Jurisprudence" and "Poetry".
Dates from the biography of Rafael Santi:
March 28, 1483 born in Italy
1494 learning painting from the Umbrian artist P. Perugino
1504 the beginning of the Florentine period in creativity, studying with Fra Bartolomeo and Leonardo da Vinci.
1508 was called to Rome to decorate several halls of the Vatican.
In 1514 he was appointed chief superintendent of the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral.
On April 6, 1520, he died without completing the construction.
Interesting Rafael Santi Facts:
Thanks to the peaceful nature of Raphael, there was always no place for quarrels and squabbles around him.
Skillfully combining generalization with concrete realism, his images of divine babies are always an allegory.
He is the author of sketches called "The Raphael Bible", sketches written on the subjects of the Old and New Testaments and which were supposed to decorate the Vatican loggias.
