B. B. BORISOV, shop manager of the Central Communications Station of the Ministry of Railways

Currently, electronic telegraph devices RTA-80 and F1100 (the first - domestically produced, the second - GDR) are being introduced on the telegraph network of railway transport. In them, a significant part of the functions is performed by electronic circuits and components.

Electronic telegraph devices have a number of features and advantages compared to electromechanical devices STA-M67 and T63, higher reliability due to the absence of mechanical components, better performance in terms of the correcting ability of the receiver and the amount of distortion of the transmitter, quick transition from one telegraph speed to another, block design of all nodes connected to each other using electrical wires have a significantly lower level of acoustic noise.

RTA-80 is the main domestic electronic telegraph device, which in terms of its performance is at the level of the best world models. It is designed for transmitting and receiving information in telegraph communication and data transmission systems at a speed of 50 and 100 Baud.

Technical characteristics of the device. The automated electronic roll telegraph apparatus RTA-80 can be used at public telegraph communication centers, subscriber telegraphs, in data transmission systems, collection and processing of information. The device operates on the 5-element international code MTK-2 and is compatible with any domestic and foreign telegraph devices operating on this code.

It is made according to the block principle based on modern technology using microcircuits, large integrated circuits, stepper motors, mosaic printing and photo reading.

The RTA-80 device allows you to dial a number from the keyboard, repeatedly transmit the same message, reproduce an unlimited number of copies, accumulate up to 1024 characters of information in the buffer memory, simultaneously receive information from the communication channel into the buffer storage and store information in the “self-directed” mode etc. It has three registers: digital, Russian and Latin. The device switches to any of these registers using the corresponding code combinations “DIGITAL”, “RUS”, “LAT”. Technical data of the RTA-80 device are given below.

Telegraphy speed, Baud 50, 100 Edge distortions introduced by the transmitter, no more than, % ... 2 Corrective ability of the receiver for edge distortions, no less than, % ......... 45

Corrective ability for crushing not less than, % .... 7

Number of characters per line.....69

The number of printed copies is no more than .............. 3

Roll width, mm...... 208, 210, 215

Width of punched paper tape, mm... . 17, 5

Ribbon width, mm 13

Ready time after switching on no more than, s........1

Capacity of answering machine, signs. . . 20

Power consumption from the network no more than VA.........220

Operating temperature range, C................+5. ..+40

Overall dimensions (with automation device), mm..... 565Х602Х201

Weight (with automation device), kg...............25

Block diagram of the device

RTA-80 is shown in Fig. 1. Its main components are: keyboard (KLV), transmitter (PRD), receiver (PRM), mosaic printing device (PU), transmitter (TRM) and reperforator (RPF) attachments, input (USLin) and output (USLout) devices interface with the line, a calling device (RU), an answering machine (AO), a storage device (SD), a master oscillator (GG) and a power supply unit (BP).

Information from the sender can be entered into the transmitter either from the keyboard or from the transmitter attachment. In addition, information can be entered into the transmitter from a storage device where it is received from a keyboard. When storing information in the memory, the possibility of error correction is provided.

Information is printed onto punched tape, as on the T63 and STA-M67 devices.

To match the speed of the operator's work on the keyboard and the speed of the transmitter, a buffer storage device BN1 with a capacity of 64 characters is used. Similar buffer storage devices are included at the input of the BN2 printing device and the BNZ reperforator attachment. The BN2 drive is used to accumulate characters during the return of the PU print head to the beginning of the line, and the BNZ is used to accumulate characters during the acceleration of the reperforator motor.

When operating the RTA-80 with an automatic telegraph switching station, a VU ringing device with keys for calling, hanging up and turning the device into “self-directed” mode is used. In this case, the number is dialed using the keyboard on the digital register.

To automatically transmit the conventional name of the subscriber point (automatic answer) to the communication channel, use the AO answering machine, which generates a text of up to 20 characters.

The keyboard of the RTA-80 device is designed for the operator to manually enter information into the transmitter and storage device. In addition, on the CLV, when working over an automated telegraph network, you can dial subscriber numbers. A four-row, three-register keyboard is used. The first row keys are used to transmit digital information; keys of the second, third and fourth rows - for transmitting letter information and punctuation marks. In addition, there are service keys: in the first row - carriage return, in the second - line feed, new line and the “Who’s there?” combination, in the fourth - register keys “LAT”, “RUS” and “DIGIT”. In total, the keyboard includes 49 keys, including a key for extended transmission of the “Space” combination.

A special feature of the keyboard of the PTA 80 device is the electrical locking of the digital register keys when working on the alphabetic register and the alphabetic register keys when working on the digital register. Service combination keys are open on all registers.

The keyboard of the device consists of mechanical and electronic parts. The mechanical part (Fig. 2) is a set of 49 key switches 4 installed on board 3. The electronic part of the keyboard is made on integrated circuits 5 and is located on one printed circuit board 2. Connector 1 is used to connect the keyboard to the device circuit.

Key switches (Fig. 3) are made in the form of separate modules, the main parts of which are the housing 4 and the rod B with the key 6 rigidly attached to it. A permanent magnet 3 is installed in the recess of the rod, in the immediate vicinity of which there is a magnetically controlled sealed contact (reed switch) 2. Spring 1 serves to return the key to its original position after it is released.

When you press key 6 along with it, compressing spring 1, rod 5 and permanent magnet 3 move down. Under the influence of the magnetic field, contact 2 closes, which is a signal to start the encoder located on the electronic part of the keyboard. The rod and magnet are returned to their original position by spring 1.

The electronic part of the keyboard (Fig. 4) consists of a key matrix (KLM), an encoder (SH), a buffer storage device (BN), a service combination decoder (DSC), a register automaton (AR) and a blocking circuit (SB). The operating modes of the keyboard and transmitter nodes are coordinated using the Fgt signals coming from the master oscillator.

PC key switches are installed at the intersection of vertical U1...U12 and horizontal X1...X8 buses, forming a KLM key matrix. The electrical part of each PC contains, in addition to the reed switch G, a diode D. The cathode of the diode is connected to one of the contacts of the reed switch. The diode anode and the second contact of the reed switch are connected to a strictly defined intersection point of the X and Y buses.

By signal from the key switch. The PC in the encoder Ш forms the corresponding code combination of the 5-element MTK-2 code. This combination enters in the form of a parallel code into the buffer storage BN, with the help of which the speed of the operator’s work is coordinated with the speed of the transmitter.

The service combination decoder generates pulses to control the operation of the SB and AR. The blocking circuit is activated when a key of a register that is not currently working is pressed by mistake.

The transceiver of the device is a block in which the PRM receiver and the PRD transmitter are structurally combined. The block diagram of the PRM-PRD block is shown in Fig. 5.

From the KLV keyboard blocks, TRM transmitter or memory storage device, 5-element code combinations enter the transmitter in a parallel manner. Here they are converted into a sequence of MTK-2 code signals with the addition of start and stop signals. In this case, the duration of the signals will be determined by the telegraphing speed, which can be 50 or 100 Baud. The generated combination is transmitted in a sequential manner through the output interface device with the USLout line into the communication channel.

The receiver of the device performs the opposite function of the transmitter: it receives 5-element code combinations from the line in a serial manner and transmits them in a parallel manner without start and stop signals to the PU printing device and the RPF reperforator attachment.

The main devices of the receiver and transmitter are the receive and transmit distributors, which perform functions similar to those of the transmitter distribution coupling and the receiver set coupling of the STA-M67 and T63 electromechanical devices. Distributors are built on flip-flops. Synchronous and common-mode operation of the distributors is regulated by clock signals coming from the master oscillator of the main generator, which acts as a drive.

Let's consider the principle of operation of the reception distributor. Its functional diagram is presented in Fig. 6, a, time diagram of operation - in Fig. 6, b.

The reception distributor includes five triggers (corresponding to the number of code signals in the combination). The direct output of each flip-flop is connected to the D input of the subsequent flip-flop, with the output of the last flip-flop connected to the D input of the first. Inputs C of all distributor triggers are parallelized. The operating cycle of the distributor consists of two sequential operations - writing code combinations in a sequential manner and reading them in a parallel manner.

Based on the input reset signal with a logical level of 0, coming from the PU or RPF circuit, at the direct output of the first write trigger there is a signal with a logical level of 1, and at the direct outputs of the remaining flip-flops there are signals with a logical level of 0. After the reset signal is applied to the sz PU and RPF ( time point t0 in Fig. 6, b) and before the appearance of the first incoming signal (time point ti), a signal with a logical level of 1 is supplied to Output 1 and input D of trigger 2. At the inputs D of the remaining flip-flops - a signal with a logical level of 0. Along the edge of the first incoming signal, 1 is rewritten from the direct output of trigger 1 to trigger 2; at the edge of the next incoming signal, this 1 is rewritten from the output of trigger 2 to trigger 3, etc.

The operating principle of the transmission distributor is to record code combinations received in parallel from the KLV keyboard, TRM transmitter or memory storage device, and read them in a serial manner. The transmit distributor, like the receive distributor, is built on flip-flops, but unlike the latter, it has 5 inputs and 1 output.

The RTA-80 device provides for transmission into the communication channel and reception from it of both single-pole (mode I) and bipolar (mode II) signals. The choice of one or another operating mode is carried out by installing the corresponding blocks CONDITIONS and CONDITIONS. The ability to operate with bipolar signals eliminates the need to install a transition matching device between the device and the communication channel.

The PU printing device provides information printing using a one-color ink ribbon 13 mm wide on a roll of paper with a width of 208 to 215 mm up to 69 characters in each line. The PU uses a mosaic printing method, the essence of which is to form characters from individual dots obtained by hitting the ink ribbon with printing needles. The printed sign does not consist of a continuous impression, but is visually perceived as solid. The formation of each sign occurs strictly within the 7X9 matrix (7 horizontal and 9 vertical lines). The use of a mosaic printing method significantly simplifies the mechanical part of the PU device RTA 80 compared to the T63 device, which significantly increases the reliability of the RTA-80 device as a whole.

The print head (Fig. 7) consists of a housing, seven electromagnets 2 with armatures 3 and seven printing needles 4. When an electrical signal enters the winding of any of the electromagnets 2, the armature 2 moves with the printing needle 4. The needle 4, oriented by the guide 6, strikes A dot is printed on the ink ribbon 7 and on the paper roll 8. Under the action of spring 5, the armature with the printing needle returns to its original position.

During the process of forming a character, the print head moves relative to the paper roll 8. When printing one character, this movement is 9 steps.

The block diagram of the PU is shown in Fig. 8 The control panel includes a control panel (CP), a buffer storage device (BN), a character generator (GZN), a print head amplifier (USPG), a print head (PG), a character generator control device (UGZN), a service combination decoder (DSC), line feed control circuit (UPC), carriage return control circuit (CTC), line feed stepper motor commutators (LFE) and carriage return (KSHDPC). In addition, there are line feed stepper motor amplifiers

(USSHDPS) and carriage transfer USSHDPK), stepper motors for line feed SHDPS and carriage transfer (SHDPC), a block of print head position sensors (PD), an audio signal control circuit (USC) and an audio signal emitter (SZ).

The printing device works as follows. Five-element code combinations of signals are transmitted in parallel from the PRM-PRD transceiver unit to the BN storage device. The latter stores received information at the times when line feed and carriage return occur. From the BN, the code combinations enter the character generator (CG), where signals are generated that control the operation of the print head (PG) electromagnets. The electromagnets are triggered, consuming a current of up to 0.8 A. To compensate for the current consumption of the electromagnets at the moment they are triggered, USPG print head amplifiers. connected between the GZN and PG, amplify control signals.

Thus, in the GZN, 5-element code combinations are converted into SG control signals. As a result of the operation of the SG electromagnets, a sign imprint is formed on paper in accordance with the incoming signal code combination.

Post devices include local control units BMK and a centralized control unit BCC. All this equipment is mounted on electrical centralization cabinets.

In Fig. Figure 1 shows a diagram of a BPDL block with one switching set and its connection to the winding of the signal transformer T2. The switching unit contains a rectifier bridge assembled on diodes VD1...VD4 of type D226, a small-sized reed relay G of type RES-55 with a rear contact connected to the control circuit of the triac VS. The control circuit of the triac VS includes zener diodes VD5 and VD6, which are necessary for the operation of control devices for double-filament lamps.

The switching block works as follows. When the main OH filament of a two-filament DNL lamp is in good working order, current flows from the secondary winding of the signal transformer T2 through the primary winding T1 and the main filament of the OH-O lamp. At the same time, e is induced in the secondary winding of transformer T1. d.s. The voltage rectified through diodes VD1...VD4 from the secondary winding of transformer T1 is supplied through a smoothing filter CR2 to the winding of the reed relay G.

When the main thread OH is working properly, the winding of the reed relay G is continuously energized and therefore the control circuit of the triac VS is broken by the contact of this relay. The triac VS is closed and no current flows through the reserve RN thread. In the event of a burnout of the main thread or damage that leads to the cessation of current flow through the main thread, the reed relay G will be de-energized, which will lead to contact 11-13 of this relay turning on the VS triac control circuit. The triac will open and turn on the backup filament of the double-filament DNL lamp.

Thus, when the main filament burns out, the BPDL unit automatically switches the power to the backup filament of the DNL traffic light lamp.

As can be seen from the figure shown. 1 of the circuit, the BPDL unit does not contain additional power supplies. It meets the safety requirements for train traffic, since any damage to its elements does not lead to the appearance of more permissive traffic light readings, as well as to the false switching on of the traffic lights. This is explained by the fact that voltage is supplied to the primary winding of transformer T2 from the EC post by relay contacts, which ensure the selection of a traffic light lamp. Consequently, the switching on of traffic light lamps is determined by the operation of selective relays of reliability class I.

It should also be noted that the main filament of the lamp is connected through the primary winding of transformer T1, containing 40 turns of wire with a diameter of 1.16 mm. In this case, the voltage drop across this winding does not exceed 1 V, which is less than 10% of the voltage across the lamp. Thus, the inclusion of transformer T1 winding in the main lamp filament circuit has virtually no effect on the operating mode of the lamp. Switching the main filament to the backup filament in the BPDL unit is carried out within 15...20 ms, which does not cause the armature of the fire relay, which controls the serviceability of the double-filament traffic light lamp, to fall off .

To monitor the integrity of the main threads of traffic light lamps, control devices can be used that contain local control units BMC for each traffic light and one centralized control unit BCC for a group of traffic lights. Each of these blocks is mounted in the NMSh relay housing. In Fig. Figure 2 shows a diagram of the inclusion of local control units BMK and their connection with the BCC for output traffic lights of electrical centralization devices.

As can be seen from the diagram above, power to the signal blocks of type BII traffic lights is supplied from the OHS-PHS power source through fuses and BMK blocks. This method of constructing control circuits eliminates the possibility of false switching on of traffic light lamps in the event of any malfunctions in the circuits. With the help of one such unit, all lamps of one traffic light can be controlled.

In Fig. Figure 3 shows a diagram of the local control unit BMK. The unit has a VD4 LED, which indicates a malfunction of the main thread. However, the presence of a light indicator in the BMK unit is not a sufficient condition for the timely detection of failures in traffic light lamps. Indeed, at stations where there is no round-the-clock signal control electrician on duty, information about the burnout of traffic light lamps is required to be promptly transferred to the station duty officer to ensure a more prompt elimination of this malfunction. Considering the specifics of the operation of the BMK block, it is necessary that such information be stored in the BCC block. The latter must receive from each BMK unit, using a control circuit, information about the burnout of the main threads of traffic light lamps and ensure the transmission of this information to the chipboard or the duty electrician in the form of a generalized malfunction. It should be noted that the BCC block can be installed not only at the entire station, but, if necessary, also at individual groups of traffic lights.

Experience in operating semiconductor equipment has shown that during short-term pulse overvoltages in the supply network, failures of these devices are observed. In this regard, the BMK and BCC units can be powered from one frequency converter installed at the station (see Fig. 2). In this case, a stable supply voltage and protection from short-term switching processes in the supply network are ensured.

Along with this advantage, the proposed scheme for switching on double-filament traffic light lamps, compared to the standard solution, provides significant savings in cables, relay contact equipment, as well as CT signal transformers.

Let us consider in more detail the operating principle of the local control unit BMK (see Fig. 3). The input device of the block is made on transformer T1, in which the windings L1 and L2 are connected back-to-back and contain the same number of turns. Capacitors C1 and C2 ensure that the corresponding circuits are tuned to a frequency of 250 Hz of the fifth harmonic of the supply network.

When the main filament of a traffic light lamp is operating, the voltage on it is sinusoidal. In this case, the voltages on the windings L1 and L2 of transformer T1 (see Fig. 3) are equal and oppositely directed, therefore e. u.e. arising on the secondary winding L3 is close to zero. When the reserve thread is turned on, the current flowing through it has a non-sinusoidal shape. This is explained by the fact that in the control circuit of the triac VS (see Fig. 1) two zener diodes VD5 and VD6 are included, which create a delay phase -f in each half-wave of the alternating current for turning on the triac. The appearance of the delay phase is caused by the following phenomena. Until the voltage at the control input of the triac, changing according to a harmonic law, reaches the breakdown voltage of the zener diode Tsgt, the control current of the triac until the breakdown of the zener diode is equal to zero, and then changes abruptly to the value of the triggering current of the triac.

The spectral composition of the non-sinusoidal current flowing through the reserve thread contains the fifth harmonic of the supply network, the appearance of which is a sign of switching to the reserve thread. The fifth harmonic is isolated due to a significant increase in the voltage on the Cl L2 circuit of transformer T1 (see Fig. 3), tuned to resonance at the fifth harmonic. In this case, a voltage difference arises on the windings L1 and L2 and, as a consequence, e. d.s. on the secondary winding L3. This e. d.s. causes a current with a frequency of 250 Hz, opening transistors VT1, VT2 and VT3.

When the UTZ transistor opens, the VD4 LED goes out, which indicates the failure of the main lamp filament. Simultaneously with the opening of transistor VT3, the current flowing in its collector circuit will turn on optocoupler VD3, and a control signal is generated in the BCC.

For clearer operation of the BMK block, stabistors VD1 and VD2 are included in the base circuit of transistor VT1, which provide the threshold properties of the block. The threshold voltage can be adjusted by the number of stabistors connected in series using external jumpers of the block.

As mentioned earlier, the BMK unit detects a break in the main filament of a traffic light lamp only when it is on, but when another lamp with a working main filament is turned on at a given traffic light, the monitoring disappears. This circumstance makes it difficult to detect a malfunction of the main lamp filament. This operational drawback is eliminated by a centralized control unit, which detects, based on a signal from the BMK, the presence of a break in the main thread of any lamp of controlled traffic lights. Moreover, the fact of failure of a group of controlled traffic lights is recorded without indicating the specific location of the damage. The centralized control unit BCC is connected to the BMK unit in accordance with the diagram shown in Fig. 2. All local control units are combined by pins of the same name 6, 7 into a parallel circuit and connected to the BCC input. In this case, the maximum possible number (about 50) of connected blocks is determined by the difference in resistance of the receiving part of the optocoupler VD5 (see Fig. 3) in the unlit and illuminated states.

Let us consider the operating principle of the BCC unit, the diagram of which is shown in Fig. 4. The block consists of a multivibrator made on transistors VT2 and VT3, an auxiliary transistor VT1, as well as two switches assembled on transistors VT4 and VT5. The collector circuit of transistor VT5 includes a latching relay FR. The base circuit of each of the transistor switches VT4 and VT5 includes, respectively, zener diodes VD1 and VD2, which provide the threshold properties of these switches.

Storing information about the burnout of the main filament of one of the lamps of controlled traffic lights is ensured by self-locking of the FR relay when it is triggered by the collector circuit of the VT5 transistor. The contacts of the same relay turn on the alarm on the chipboard control panel about the malfunction of one of the lamps in the controlled group of traffic lights.

In the diagrams shown in Fig. 5, the operation of the BCC unit is considered when the main lamp filament burns out and in case of random failures in the operation of the BMK or BPDL units,

If the main filament burns out at time to, the transistor - VT3 of the BMK block (see Fig. 3) will open, and its collector current, shown in Fig. 5, a, will be equal to 1k saturation. As a result of this, the emitting part of the optocoupler VD3 of the BMK block (see Fig. 3) will continuously transmit light energy to its receiving part, made in the form of a photothyristor. Considering that the photothyristor is pulsed with supply voltage from the multivibrator of the BCC unit, transistor VT4 (see Fig. 4) will open and close synchronously with the operation of the auxiliary transistor VT1, powered by the multivibrator.

Thus, in time intervals -13; U-15; t6-t7, when transistor VT1 is open, transistor VT4 opens and capacitor G3 is charged. When the voltage on the capacitor SZ reaches the stabilization voltage of the zener diode VD2, the transistor VT5 opens, then the FR relay is activated and self-blocks through its own contact 11-12. The charge of the capacitor SZ occurs after approximately 2-3 cycles of the multivibrator. By adjusting the duration of the multivibrator cycle or the time constant for charging the capacitor SZ, you can set the required delay time for the operation of the BCC unit.

In the event of accidental malfunctions in the operation of the BPDL or BMK units, the optocoupler VD3 of the BMK unit may be switched on for a short time (in Fig. 5, b, current pulses 1i). As can be seen from Fig. 5, b, if the optocoupler is turned on in the time intervals t1-t2 or t3-t4, then the transistor is VT4 (see Fig. 4). is constantly in a closed state and the capacitor SZ is not charged. When an interference pulse hits the time interval t6-t7, when transistor VT1 is open, the capacitor SZ is charged to a voltage whose value is less than the stabilization voltage VD2, so transistor VT5 remains closed and the FR relay is not excited. Thus, the centralized control unit has a time selector to protect against impulse noise and random failures in the operation of switching and control devices for double-filament traffic light lamps.

Operational tests of prototypes of switching and control devices for double-filament lamps in existing traffic lights have shown their stable operation.

Reference data on the content of precious metals in: RTA-80. Data is provided from open sources: product passports, forms, technical literature, technical reference books. Content of precious metals (Precious metals): gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (PGM - palladium, etc.) per 1 piece in grams. Gold: 1.94 Silver: 22.3 Platinum: 0 MPG: 0 Note:

RTA-80

Reference data on the content of precious metals in: RTA-80. Data is provided from open sources: product passports, forms, technical literature, technical reference books. Content of precious metals (Precious metals): gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (PGM - palladium, etc.) per 1 piece in grams. Gold: 3.967 Silver: 37.842 Platinum: 0 MPG: 0.042 Note: […]

RTA-7M

Reference data on the content of precious metals in: RTA-7M. Data is provided from open sources: product passports, forms, technical literature, technical reference books. Content of precious metals (Precious metals): gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (PGM - palladium, etc.) per 1 piece in grams. Gold: 5.5767 Silver: 25.998 Platinum: 0 MPG: 0 Note: […]

RTA-80

Reference data on the content of precious metals in: RTA-80. Data is provided from open sources: product passports, forms, technical literature, technical reference books. Content of precious metals (Precious metals): gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (PGM - palladium, etc.) per 1 piece in grams. Gold: 8.127 Silver: 19 Platinum: 0 MPG: 0 Note: […]

RTA-80-01

Reference data on the content of precious metals in: RTA-80-01. Data is provided from open sources: product passports, forms, technical literature, technical reference books. Content of precious metals (Precious metals): gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (PGM - palladium, etc.) per 1 piece in grams. Gold: 2.271 Silver: 25.022 Platinum: 0.007 MPG: 0.002 Note: […]

RTA8-5

Reference data on the content of precious metals in: RTA8-5. Data is provided from open sources: product passports, forms, technical literature, technical reference books. Content of precious metals (Precious metals): gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (PGM - palladium, etc.) per 1 piece in grams. Gold: 0 Silver: 22.43 Platinum: 0 MPG: 0 Note: […]

STA-M67

Reference data on the content of precious metals in: STA-M67. Data is provided from open sources: product passports, forms, technical literature, technical reference books. Content of precious metals (Precious metals): gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (PGM - palladium, etc.) per 1 piece in grams. Gold: 0 Silver: 0.86 Platinum: 0 MPG: 0 Note:

STA-M-67

Reference data on the content of precious metals in: STA-M-67. Data is provided from open sources: product passports, forms, technical literature, technical reference books. Content of precious metals (Precious metals): gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (PGM - palladium, etc.) per 1 piece in grams. Gold: 0 Silver: 0.538 Platinum: 0 MPG: 0 Note: […]

Hardware room P-236TK

Basic equipment:

Equipment T-230-06 - 4 parts.

Block BGO-M - 1 room.

Block BAK-40F1 - 1 k.

Remote control PT-M - 4 k.

Shield PASH-M1 - 4 k.

The hardware provides:

Direct service TF connection

Total weight – 13500 kg

Crew = up to 14 people

Hardware room P-245-K

Basic equipment:

UKCH device

Telegraph channel switching unit (BTG-40M)

Block of reserve telegraph channels (BRTG-20U)

Control device for direct printing connections (KU-BP)

Telegraph concentrator (KTG-10J)

Telegraph operator's console (PT-M)

Group equipment block (BGO-M)

Channel state data transmission unit (CPDSK)

Scoreboard (TO-64)

Device ETI-69

Telegraph apparatus (LTA-8)

Telegraph apparatus (RTA-7M)

The hardware provides:

All hardware equipment

Hardware room P-245-KM is a cross of telegraph channels and is intended for:

COMPOSITION OF HARDWARE EQUIPMENT

A) Main equipment:

UKTCH device - 2 k.

Voice-frequency telegraphy equipment:

P-327-2 - 8 k.

P-327-3 - 4 k.

P-327-12 - 5 k.

Adapter device P-327-PU6 - 2 k.

Telephone intercom P-327-TPU-3 k.

Remote control panel-TG - 2 k.

Transition device block (BPU) - 1 unit.

Stativ (SKK) - 1 k.

Channel state data receiving unit (BPDSK) - 1 unit.

Electronic switch (KA-36) - 1 k.

System SUS-3M - 1 k.

Specialized electrical device (P-115A) - 1 k.

Unified video control device (1VK-40) - 1 part.

Hardware room P-232-1K

UVK block АВС-0102 - 1 unit.

UVK block АВС-1306 - 1 unit.

UVK block АВС-1313 - 1 unit.

The hardware provides:

21) Hardware P-328TK-1

The hardware provides:

switching on each set of T-230-3M1 and T-208

any telegraph channel introduced or created by P-327;

Simultaneous classification of up to 4 telegraph channels

Simultaneous pairing with 2 ZAS

Reliability and imitability of telegraph information

Inclusion of 2 reserve channels for calling devices;

Conducting telegraphic exchange through start-stop outputs

Switching to any equipment T-206, T-260-06 of any introduced pulse channel;

Receiving and sending call signals on the 2nd res. TG channels;

Operation of the service TGA in one of the modes.

Formation in each of the 2 introduced KFC 2 or 3 TG channels using P-327-2 and P-327-3 and switching of these TG channels to T-206-Zm1 and T-208 with its own equipment or issuing 2 TG channels to other TG hardware rooms;

Direct TF and GGS

Direct SS TF

SS TF with hardware US and PU subscribers

Duplex GGS between the body and the equipment cabin

Transport base:- KAMAZ – 4310 (body KB 1.4320D).

R consumption basic equipment = 2.8 kVA

R consumption total = 8.2 kVA

Total weight – 15100 kg

Crew = 7 people

Dimensions 8000mm x 2550mm x 3542mm

Hardware room P-328-TK is designed to provide classified telegraph communication via telegraph (low-speed) and pulse (medium-speed) channels of the US control points of OK and BC.

COMPOSITION OF HARDWARE EQUIPMENT

Basic equipment:

Equipment T-2O6-ZM - 4 sets.

RCD-ZMT device - 1 set.

Linear switching unit (BLK-M1) - 1 set.

Telegraph switching unit (BCTS) - 2 sets.

Terminal equipment status sensor (DSOA) - 2 sets.

Linear output attachment (PLV-2) - 2 sets.

Block AB-481 - 2 sets.

Voice-frequency telegraphy equipment P-327-2 - 2 sets.

Telegraph apparatus (LTA-8) - 10 sets.

Device ETI-69 - 1 set.

Group association block (BGO-M) - 1 set.

Telegraph operator's console PT-M - 2 sets.

BASIC TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL DATA OF THE HARDWARE

The hardware provides:

1. Reception of 8 TG channels through crossover hardware rooms or directly from channel-forming hardware rooms and their switching

2. Reception of 4 TG channels from radio stations of receiving machines and their switching

3. Reception of 2 PM channels, their switching to P-327-2 equipment

4. Simultaneous operation in secret mode via 4 TG channels

7. Measurement of characteristics of TG channels

8. Conducting official telegraph conversations over TG channels using service TG devices.

9. Organization of direct GHS and telephone communication with interacting hardware devices.

10. Conducting official negotiations through internal telephone exchange.

12. Maintaining simplex radio communication on the spot and on the move with hardware control systems using the R-105M radio station.

Hardware room P-236TK- the control room with terminal telegraph devices is designed to receive start-stop outputs of the T-206-3M1 and T-230-06 security equipment to terminal telegraph devices, provide direct-printing exchange, organize transit connections and circular communication.

The hardware room is part of the telegraph center of the field communication center KP (ZKP) OK (VS). When providing classified communications, it is used in conjunction with hardware P-238TK, P-238TK-1, P-244TN, P-242TN.

COMPOSITION OF HARDWARE EQUIPMENT

Basic equipment:

Equipment T-230-06 - 4 parts.

Telegraph switch (TG-15/10M1) - 1 k.

Circular connections block (BTsS-10M) - 1 unit.

Block BGO-M - 1 room.

Block BAK-40F1 - 1 k.

Remote control PT-M - 4 k.

Telegraph apparatus (LTA-8) - 8 k.

Shield PASH-M1 - 4 k.

The hardware provides:

Organization of TG communication via pulsed channels (C1-I) using T-230-06;

Conducting TG exchange via connected TG 15/10M1 start-stop outputs. –

Direct service TF connection

Direct service GGS from 4 RMs from windows.

Duplex GGS from the body from the cab with UPA-2, simplex GGS r/communication via R-105M on the spot and on the move.

Power supply: - from 2 autonomous, galvanically unconnected 3F – 380 V, 220 V; R consumption total = 11.1 kVA

Transport base: URAL-43203 (body K 2.4320)

Total weight – 13500 kg

Crew = up to 14 people

Hardware room P-245-K is a cross of telegraph channels and is intended for:

management of the US telegraph center;

reception and switching of PM channels to voice-frequency telegraphy equipment, as well as reception and switching of the remaining PM channels to hardware TFCs;

formation and distribution of telegraph channels through communication hardware;

monitoring the quality of channels (automatically or manually using instruments);

formation of up to 10 telegraph connections.

Basic equipment:

UKTCH device - 1 k.

Voice-frequency telegraphy equipment:

P-327-2 - 8 k.

P-327-3 - 2 parts.

P-327-12 - 2 parts.

Telegraph channel switching unit (BTG-40M) - 2 k.

Block of backup telegraph channels (BRTG-20U) - 1 unit.

Control device for direct-printing connections (KU-BP) - 1 part.

Telegraph concentrator (KTG-10J) - 1 k.

Adapter device P-327-PU6 - 1 k.

Telegraph operator's console (PT-M) - 2 k.

Group equipment block (BGO-M) - 1 unit.

Channel state data transmission unit (BPDSK) - 1 unit.

Scoreboard (TO-64) - 1 part.

Device ETI-69 - 2 parts.

Telegraph apparatus (LTA-8) - 1 part.

Telegraph apparatus (RTA-7M) - 1 part.

The hardware provides:

Reception of 20 PM channels on the UKTCH and switching of 14 of them for secondary compaction to the P-327 equipment;

Switching of 8 telephone channels formed from the remnants of the CFC spectrum, compacted by P-327-2 equipment, into the telephone center equipment rooms

Creation of up to 46 telegraph channels using P-327 equipment and their transmission to BTG-40m units

Switching of 70 telegraph channels to connecting lines from telegraph equipment rooms

Measuring and quality control of telegraph channels

All hardware equipment mounted in a KB.4320 body mounted on the chassis of a URAL-43203 vehicle.

The power consumed by the hardware room at a network voltage of 380 V does not exceed 9.8 kVA.

The total weight of the equipment room is no more than 11340 kg.

The crew of the control room is 7 people.

Dimensions of the equipment room, mm: length - 8260, width - 2550, height - 3384

Hardware room P-245-KM is a cross of telegraph channels and is intended for:

Management of the US telegraph center;

Reception and switching of voice-frequency channels to voice-frequency telegraphy equipment;

Formation, reception and switching of telegraph channels to the hardware of the communication center;

Monitoring the quality of channels (automatically or manually using instruments);

Automated processing and documentation of information about the state of communications and voice-frequency telegraphy equipment and delivery of this information to the control center of the communication center.

COMPOSITION OF HARDWARE EQUIPMENT

The P-245-KM hardware kit includes:

A) Main equipment:

UKCH device

Voice-frequency telegraphy equipment:

Adapter device P-327-PU6

Telephone intercom P-327-TPU

Remote control panel-TG -

Transition device block (TUB).

Stativ (SKK) -

Channel state data receiving unit (BPDSK) -

Electronic switch (KA-36) -

System SUS-3M -

Specialized electrical device (P-115A)

Unified video control device (1VK-40)

Hardware room P-232-1K designed for receiving, processing, accounting and delivery of telegraph correspondence to the addressees of the control point, to individual receiving machines and hardware of the communication center.

Equipment for collecting, displaying and documenting information about the passage of telegraph messages:

UVK block АВС-0102 - 1 unit.

UVK block АВС-1306 - 1 unit.

UVK block АВС-1313 - 1 unit.

Asynchronous concentrator KA-36 - 1 k.

Table-character indicator RIN-609 - 3 parts.

Telegraph apparatus RTA-7m - 2 units.

Photo reader FS-1501 - 1 part.

Band puncher PL-150 - 1 kit.

Basic tactical and technical data The hardware provides:

1.Connecting up to 10 advanced terminal telegraph hardware rooms

3. Connecting the hardware P249k

4. Collection and synthesis of data on the passage of signals and telegraph messages and transfer of this information to the P-249k equipment room.

5. Reception from the P-249k hardware room of information about the state of telegraph communications.

6. Automatic counting of control periods for the passage of signals and telegraph messages.

11. Connecting subscriber lines from long-distance and internal telephone exchanges.

13. Service radio communications using 5 selective frequencies and one circular calling frequency.

9) cabling- this is the most important component of the process of deploying mobile and stationary control equipment

It includes:

1. Intra-node connection of elements, hardware, and control system stations to each other;

2 . Equipment of subscriber networks at the control center;

3 . Equipment of lines for remote control of transmitters and transmission of channels from remote distribution zones;

4. Power supply network equipment for hardware rooms.

Components of PUS cabling: equipment of transmission lines of channels from remote distribution zones, connection of elements and hardware rooms to each other.

To solve these problems, transmission system equipment is used, as well as long-distance field communication cables, radio relay stations, light field cables and intra-node cables.

The equipment of the Topaz and Azur complexes is used as channel transmission systems, installed in the OPM, ADU, in node transmission complexes or in hardware seals.

The cable is laid on the surface of the earth:

cable layer;

using a bunker method from a vehicle platform or using trolleys;

manually using a trolley.

The order of laying intra-node trunk lines is determined by the head of the control center. The typical installation order would be:

between hardware of different elements:

a cable from other hardware devices is laid to the cross-over hardware rooms;

from the hardware TG ZAS to the receiving machines of the radio center;

from receiving machines and individual machines of the radio center to the hardware TF ZAS;

from hardware CKS (GKO) to hardware TF ZAS or TG ZAS and cross-connections of telegraph (P-245K) and TLF (P-246K) channels.

from hardware control of US elements to hardware control of US.

between hardware inside elements (centers):

at the receiving center - from receiving machines of radio stations and individual receiving machines to the radio control room;

at the transmitting radio center - from radio transmitters, radio stations to remote control hardware (radio transmitting nodes);

in channel formation groups located outside the control center - from radio relay, tropospheric stations - to channel transmission hardware;

at the call center - from the hardware TF ZAS to the TLF station ZAS, to the hardware cross of TLF channels, from the TLF station of long-distance and internal communications to the hardware cross of TLF channels;

at the TLG center - from the hardware TG ZAS to the hardware crossover of telegraph channels.

Subscriber communication networks, which are part of secondary networks, are a set of terminal subscriber devices installed at the workplaces of officials at the control point, subscriber lines and switching devices.

Currently, in accordance with the “Manual on Communications of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus” and the secondary networks being deployed at the command posts of the Ground Forces formations, the following subscriber networks must be equipped:

TLF station for long-distance classified communications;

TLF station of open (unclassified) communication;

regime automatic TLF station (TLF intercom station);

center for automation equipment for command and control of troops (forces);

operational loudspeaking communication;

secret telegraph communications;

video TLF communication.

At stationary control centers, distribution (subscriber) networks are equipped with the help and means of stationary communication centers:

TLF secret communication station;

regime automatic TLF station;

comprehensive, including open networks of TLF long-distance communication stations, internal automatic telephone exchange, operational (dispatcher) TLF (loud-speaking) communication installations, intra-facility warning, clock registration.

The following factors determine the capacity, structure and branching of subscriber distribution networks:

the number and type of personal terminal devices installed at the workplaces of officials at the control point;

the degree of dispersion of control point elements on the ground;

introduction of devices for collective use, including telephone calls;

fulfillment of the requirements of governing documents for the creation of a unified subscriber network for classified communications;

capabilities of terminal hardware devices to remove terminal devices;

the degree of equipment of the headquarters vehicles of mobile launchers with communications equipment;

the staffing of the control center serving this control point with personnel and communications equipment.

As part of the subscriber network of the long-distance TLF station classified communication of a mobile control unit includes the following elements:

terminal telephone sets installed at the workplaces of officials at the control point (calling points) of type P-171, AT-3031;

Subscriber lines deployed by ATGM cable, PRK cable with a capacity of 20x2, 10x2 and 5x2, light field cable P-274M:

telephone exchanges of types P-252M1, P-252M2, as well as switchboards P-209 (P-209I) in hardware rooms P-244TM (P-244TN);

cable equipment, consisting of input panels, distribution and transition couplings.

The subscriber network of the TLF unclassified communication station includes:

telephone sets of the TAN-68, TAN-72 type;

Subscriber lines with field cables such as PRK, PTRG and P-274;

switching devices equipped in hardware rooms P-178-1 (P-178-II), P-225M.

A subscriber network of a secure automatic TLF station will be deployed at the association's control centers, designed for the exchange of secret information between department officials without the use of classification equipment.

Basic operational and technical capabilities

topological structures

technical equipment unmasking signs

organizational structures

Maintenance

maintainability

ergonomics and medical and technical requirements

energy intensity and consumption of consumables

The basic principles for constructing control systems as complex systems include the following:

Correspondence of their operational and technical capabilities to the needs of the control and communication system.

Structural organization.

Organizational and technical unity of control systems for various purposes.

Segregation of forces and means of communication centers.

Step by step development.

Combination of centralized and decentralized control

Telegraph devices played a big role in the formation of modern society. Slow and unreliable slowed down progress, and people looked for ways to speed it up. It has become possible to create devices that instantly transmit important data over long distances.

At the dawn of history

The telegraph in its various incarnations is the oldest of them. Even in ancient times, the need arose to transmit information over a distance. Thus, in Africa, tom-tom drums were used to transmit various messages, in Europe - a fire, and later - semaphore communication. The first semaphore telegraph was first called “tachygraph” - “cursive writer”, but then it was replaced by a more appropriate name “telegraph” - “long-distance writer”.

First device

With the discovery of the phenomenon of “electricity” and especially after the remarkable research of the Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted (the founder of the theory of electromagnetism) and the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta - the creator of the first and first battery (it was then called the “Volta pillar”) - many ideas for creating an electromagnetic telegraph appeared.

Attempts to manufacture electrical devices that transmit certain signals over a certain distance have been made since the end of the 18th century. In 1774, the simplest telegraph apparatus was built in Switzerland (Geneva) by the scientist and inventor Lesage. He connected two transceiver devices with 24 insulated wires. When a pulse was applied using an electric machine to one of the wires of the first device, the elderberry ball of the corresponding electroscope was deflected on the second. Then the technology was improved by the researcher Lomont (1787), who replaced 24 wires with one. However, this system can hardly be called a telegraph.

Telegraph devices continued to be improved. For example, the French physicist Andre Marie Ampere created a transmitting device consisting of 25 magnetic needles suspended from axes and 50 wires. True, the bulkiness of the device made such a device practically unusable.

Schilling apparatus

Russian (Soviet) textbooks indicate that the first telegraph apparatus, which differed from its predecessors in efficiency, simplicity and reliability, was designed in Russia by Pavel Lvovich Schilling in 1832. Naturally, some countries dispute this statement by “promoting” their own equally talented scientists.

The works of P. L. Schilling (many of them, unfortunately, were never published) in the field of telegraphy contain many interesting projects for electrical telegraph devices. Baron Schilling's device was equipped with keys that switched the electric current in the wires connecting the transmitting and receiving devices.

The world's first telegram, consisting of 10 words, was transmitted on October 21, 1832 from a telegraph machine installed in the apartment of Pavel Lvovich Schilling. The inventor also developed a project for laying a cable to connect telegraph devices along the bottom of the Gulf of Finland between Peterhof and Kronstadt.

Telegraph apparatus diagram

The receiving apparatus consisted of coils, each of which was included in connecting wires, and magnetic needles suspended above the coils on threads. On the same threads, one circle was attached, painted black on one side and white on the other. When the transmitter key was pressed, the magnetic needle above the coil deflected and moved the circle to the appropriate position. Based on the combinations of circle locations, the telegraph operator at the reception determined the transmitted sign using a special alphabet (code).

At first eight wires were required for communication, then the number was reduced to two. To operate such a telegraph apparatus, P. L. Schilling developed a special code. All subsequent inventors in the field of telegraphy used the principles of transmission coding.

Other developments

Almost simultaneously, telegraph devices of a similar design, using induction of currents, were developed by the German scientists Weber and Gaus. Already in 1833, they established a telegraph line at the University of Göttingen (Lower Saxony) between the astronomical and magnetic observatories.

It is known for certain that Schilling’s apparatus served as a prototype for the telegraph of the Englishmen Cook and Winston. Cook became acquainted with the works of the Russian inventor in Heidelberg. Together with his colleague Winston, they improved the device and patented it. The device enjoyed great commercial success in Europe.

Steingeil made a small revolution in 1838. Not only did he lay the first telegraph line over a long distance (5 km), but he also accidentally made the discovery that only one wire can be used to transmit signals (the role of the second is performed by grounding).

However, all of the listed devices with dial indicators and magnetic needles had an incorrigible drawback - they could not be stabilized: during the rapid transmission of information, errors occurred and the text arrived distorted. The American artist and inventor Samuel Morse managed to complete the work on creating a simple and reliable telegraph communication circuit with two wires. He developed and implemented a telegraph code in which each letter of the alphabet was represented by certain combinations of dots and dashes.

The Morse telegraph apparatus is very simple. To close and interrupt the current, a key (manipulator) is used. It consists of a lever made of metal, the axis of which communicates with a linear wire. One end of the manipulator lever is pressed by a spring to a metal protrusion connected by a wire to the receiving device and to the ground (grounding is used). When the telegraph operator presses the other end of the lever, it touches another protrusion connected by a wire to the battery. At this moment, the current rushes along the line to a receiving device located in another location.

At the receiving station, a narrow strip of paper is wound on a special drum, continuously moving. Under the influence of the incoming current, the electromagnet attracts an iron rod, which pierces the paper, thereby forming a sequence of characters.

Inventions of Academician Jacobi

The Russian scientist, academician B. S. Jacobi, in the period from 1839 to 1850, created several types of telegraph devices: writing, pointer, synchronous-in-phase action, and the world's first direct-printing telegraph device. The latest invention has become a new milestone in the development of communication systems. Agree, it is much more convenient to immediately read a sent telegram than to waste time deciphering it.

Jacobi's transmitting direct-printing apparatus consisted of a dial with an arrow and a contact drum. Letters and numbers were written on the outer circle of the dial. The receiving apparatus had a dial with an arrow, and in addition, advancing and printing electromagnets and a standard wheel. A typical wheel had all the letters and numbers engraved on it. When the transmitting device was launched from current pulses coming from the line, the printing electromagnet of the receiving apparatus was activated, pressed the paper tape to the standard wheel and imprinted the received sign on the paper.

Yuza apparatus

The American inventor David Edward Hughes established the method of synchronous operation in telegraphy, designing in 1855 a direct-printing telegraph apparatus with a standard wheel of continuous rotation. The transmitter of this device was a piano-type keyboard, with 28 white and black keys on which letters and numbers were printed.

In 1865, Hughes devices were installed to organize telegraph communication between St. Petersburg and Moscow, then spread throughout Russia. These devices were widely used until the 30s of the 20th century.

Baudot apparatus

The Yuz apparatus could not provide high speed telegraphy and efficient use of the communication line. Therefore, these devices were replaced by multiple telegraph devices, designed in 1874 by the French engineer Georges Emile Baudot.

The Baudot apparatus allows several telegrams to be simultaneously transmitted to several telegraph operators over one line in both directions. The device contains a distributor and several transmitting and receiving devices. The transmitter keyboard consists of five keys. To increase the efficiency of using the communication line, the Baudot apparatus uses a transmitter device in which the transmitted information is manually encoded by the telegraph operator.

Operating principle

The transmitting device (keyboard) of the apparatus of one station is automatically connected via a line to the corresponding receiving devices for short periods of time. The order of their connection and the accuracy of the timing of switching on are ensured by distributors. The pace of the telegraph operator’s work must coincide with the work of the distributors. The transmission and reception distributor brushes must rotate synchronously and in phase. Depending on the number of transmitting and receiving devices connected to the distributor, the productivity of the Baudot telegraph apparatus ranges from 2500-5000 words per hour.

The first Baudot devices were installed on the St. Petersburg - Moscow telegraph connection in 1904. Subsequently, these devices became widespread in the telegraph network of the USSR and were used until the 50s.

Start-stop device

The start-stop telegraph apparatus marked a new stage in the development of telegraph technology. The device is small in size and easier to operate. It was the first to use a typewriter-type keyboard. These advantages led to the fact that by the end of the 50s, Baudot devices were completely ousted from telegraph points.

A. F. Shorin and L. I. Treml made a great contribution to the development of domestic start-stop devices, based on whose developments the domestic industry began to produce new telegraph systems in 1929. Since 1935, the production of devices of the ST-35 model began; in the 1960s, an automatic transmitter (transmitter) and an automatic receiver (reperforator) were developed for them.

Encoding

Since ST-35 devices were used for telegraph communication in parallel with Baudot devices, a special code No. 1 was developed for them, which differed from the generally accepted international code for start-stop devices (code No. 2).

After the Baudot devices were decommissioned, there was no longer a need to use a non-standard start-stop code in our country, and the entire operating ST-35 fleet was transferred to international code No. 2. The devices themselves, both modernized and new designs, were named ST-2M and STA-2M (with automation attachments).

Roll devices

Further developments in the USSR were aimed at creating a highly efficient roll telegraph machine. Its peculiarity is that the text is printed line by line on a wide sheet of paper, like a matrix printer. High productivity and the ability to transmit large volumes of information were important not so much for ordinary citizens as for business entities and government agencies.

• The T-63 roll telegraph apparatus is equipped with three registers: Latin, Russian and digital. Using punched tape, it can automatically receive and transmit data. Printing occurs on a roll of paper 210 mm wide.
• The automated roll electronic telegraph apparatus RTA-80 allows both manual dialing and automatic transmission and reception of correspondence.
• The RTM-51 and RTA-50-2 devices use 13 mm ink ribbon and roll paper of standard width (215 mm) to record messages. The device prints up to 430 characters per minute.

Modern times

Telegraph devices, photos of which can be found on the pages of publications and in museum exhibitions, played a significant role in accelerating progress. Despite the rapid development of telephone communications, these devices did not go into oblivion, but evolved into modern faxes and more advanced electronic telegraphs.

Officially, the last wire telegraph operating in the Indian state of Goa was closed on July 14, 2014. Despite the enormous demand (5,000 telegrams daily), the service was unprofitable. In the US, the last telegraph company, Western Union, ceased to perform direct functions in 2006, focusing on money transfers. Meanwhile, the era of telegraphs did not end, but moved into the electronic environment. The Central Telegraph of Russia, although it has significantly reduced its staff, still fulfills its duties, since not every village in a vast territory has the opportunity to install a telephone line and the Internet.

In the modern period, telegraph communication was carried out through frequency telegraphy channels, organized primarily through cable and radio relay communication lines. The main advantage of frequency telegraphy is that it allows you to organize from 17 to 44 telegraph channels in one standard telephone channel. In addition, frequency telegraphy makes it possible to communicate over almost any distance. A communication network made up of frequency telegraphy channels is easy to maintain and also has flexibility, which allows you to create bypass directions in the event of failure of linear means of the main direction. Frequency telegraphy turned out to be so convenient, economical and reliable that nowadays telegraph channels are used less and less.