Mandatory tests during pregnancy. Pregnancy management: examinations and tests at different stages. What is it for

When the coveted two stripes first appear on the test, a lot of questions arise. When should you go to a gynecologist, how to register? When and what tests will you have to take, and why? We will talk in detail about all routine examinations during pregnancy and some of the nuances of observation.

Today, a special plan of examinations and tests has been developed that are required when monitoring pregnant women from the moment of registration until birth. The plan is based on general recommendations for the management of uncomplicated pregnancy, established by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. If there are complications of pregnancy or chronic pathology of the mother, the list of studies and tests can be expanded at the discretion of the supervising physician. Visits may be more frequent, and additional examination and treatment may be required, including in a hospital setting.

Periods from the fifth to the twelfth weeks (first trimester)

At your first visit, the doctor will give you recommendations on lifestyle and nutrition, taking vitamins and microelements, conduct an examination, measure blood pressure and pulse, height and weight, as well as an examination on a gynecological chair and take smears, write out directions for tests. In addition, the doctor will give a referral to see specialist doctors - a therapist, dentist, ophthalmologist, ENT doctor and some others, if necessary. It will be necessary to do an ECG.

In some cases, an ultrasound is prescribed at 5-8 weeks to confirm the fact of pregnancy and determine that the fetus is developing inside the uterus.

Over the next two weeks from the moment of registration for pregnancy, you will need to take many tests:

• general urinalysis, morning portion on an empty stomach to assess the functioning of the kidneys and bladder.


• vaginal smear for the presence of inflammatory processes of the genitals and hidden infections.


• A general blood test, in the morning on an empty stomach, which will show the amount of hemoglobin and basic blood elements, will make it possible to assess the general condition of the body.


• blood to determine the group and Rh factor. In case of Rh negative blood, the blood type and Rh factor of the spouse are determined.


• blood for antibodies to hepatitis B and C, syphilis and HIV infection.


• blood for antibodies to TORCH infection (toxoplasma, cytomegaly, mycoplasma and herpes). This study shows the risk of intrauterine infection of the fetus.


• blood glucose test, which will indicate the risk of developing diabetes and changes in glucose tolerance.


• A coagulogram (blood clotting test) will show a tendency to thrombosis or bleeding.

The first planned ultrasound is prescribed at 11-12 weeks to undergo special prenatal screening in order to identify defects in fetal development and genetic abnormalities. Prenatal screening also includes a blood test for special substances - human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein (PaPP-A), the level of which is assessed together with ultrasound data.

Second trimester studies (13 to 28 weeks)

At 16-20 weeks, you will have a second prenatal screening with a special blood test for the level of hCG, alpha-fetoprotein and free estriol. Based on these tests, the risk of congenital anomalies of the fetus will be calculated.

At 18 weeks of pregnancy, it is necessary to conduct a blood test for glucose levels, as fetal growth accelerates and the load on the pancreas increases.

At 20-24 weeks, it is necessary to undergo a second planned ultrasound to exclude malformations and anomalies in the course of pregnancy, assess the condition and position of the placenta, the amount of amniotic fluid, and measure the height and weight of the fetus. During this period, it is possible to determine the sex of the child and conduct Doppler sonography of the fetus - an assessment of blood circulation.

A visit to the doctor is planned for a period of 22 weeks, an examination is carried out, the height of the uterine fundus and abdominal circumference are measured, blood pressure and weight are measured. The doctor evaluates the ultrasound and screening test data and makes recommendations.

At week 26, a visit to the doctor is required, with a urine test invariably taken before the visit. The doctor will conduct an examination, measure weight, pressure and abdominal circumference, the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heartbeat, and determine its position in the uterus.

Third trimester studies (weeks 29 to 40)

During this period the following is due:

• general blood analysis,


• general urine analysis,


• blood chemistry,


• blood for glucose


• blood for infusion (coagulogram),


• blood for antibodies to HIV, hepatitis and syphilis,


• smear for hidden infections.

At 33-34 weeks of pregnancy, a third ultrasound is performed to determine the development of the baby, its weight and height, the sex of the child is determined, deviations and malformations are excluded, and the condition of the placenta and amniotic fluid, the walls of the uterus and cervix are analyzed. Doppler measurements of the fetus are also performed.

At 35 weeks there will be a visit to the doctor and a urine test. During this period, CTG of the fetus is prescribed to identify its motor activity and uterine tone, fetal heartbeat and possible hypoxia.

At 37 weeks, a urine test and a routine visit to the doctor are performed.
At 38 weeks, a blood test is taken for syphilis, HIV, and hepatitis for the maternity hospital.

At 39-40 weeks, an ultrasound of the fetus will be performed to assess the position of the fetus and its readiness for childbirth, the position of the umbilical cord, the condition of the placenta and uterus, and the cervix.

At 40 weeks, you will receive a referral to the maternity hospital if planned hospitalization is necessary or you will wait for labor to begin at home.

Photo - photobank Lori

In the first trimester of pregnancy, the expectant mother will have to register with the antenatal clinic. It is there, under the guidance of a doctor at the antenatal clinic, that you will need to take the first important tests.

Why are tests needed in early pregnancy?

The optimal period for registration is. Expectant mothers often complain about a huge list of tests in the early stages of pregnancy.

In fact, everything is provided for: in the 1st trimester, all the baby’s systems and organs are formed, and it becomes clear how the pregnancy will proceed. The slightest deviation from the norm can lead to the birth of an unhealthy child or termination of pregnancy. Therefore, the doctor’s task is to assess the risks and prevent complications.

What tests are done in the early stages of pregnancy?

If there is an assumption that conception has occurred, it is necessary to take a test to determine pregnancy in the early stages. This will allow the girl to adjust her lifestyle, because the first weeks of pregnancy are very important for the full development of the future fetus. The expectant mother will find out from the gynecologist what tests are taken in the early stages of pregnancy. There are many of them, but not a single analysis can be neglected. After all, everyone diagnoses the health status of a pregnant woman in their own way.

During the period of bearing a child, the expectant mother will have to undergo a great many different tests, starting with general examinations of blood and urine and ending with specific laboratory diagnostic tests, which can tell a lot about how the baby develops in the mother's womb. In this article we will talk about what exactly a woman expecting a baby needs to undergo and why, as well as when it is best to do this.

Why get tested?

Most expectant mothers have a negative attitude towards the process of taking tests, perceive their appointment as an unpleasant necessity, while they regularly complain that they were “driven into offices” and “tortured”. Such a position cannot be considered responsible and reasonable for an adult and an expectant mother, because modern diagnostic capabilities are this is a real chance to see pathologies and deviations in the development of the baby, mother has problems with pregnancy at the very beginning. And timely identification of the problem in most cases allows you to completely and very successfully solve the problem as a whole.

It is wise to start taking tests even before pregnancy, during its planning. This approach is very popular in Europe, America, Japan and China. But in Russia, walking around offices on the eve of conception, unfortunately, has not yet become a good tradition.

That is why it is important not to skip tests that are prescribed by an obstetrician-gynecologist after it has become known that a woman is pregnant.

Let us immediately make a reservation that, according to Russian legislation, tests are not a prerequisite for monitoring a pregnant woman. Any woman, for personal reasons and reasons, can refuse to undergo any analysis. That is why it is important to know which tests are recommended for what, what they show and why they are needed. Then the woman expecting a baby will stop regarding diagnostic measures as a burden and will begin to be more conscious about the appointments.

Research before registration

The first analysis of a pregnant woman is a test whose main task is to transfer the woman to the category of pregnant women. She can make it herself at home. To do this, it is enough to use a test strip, which reacts with a signal line (second strip) to an increase in the concentration of a special hormone in the urine - human chorionic gonadotropin. It is produced by chorion cells immediately after implantation of a fertilized egg into the uterine cavity.

Usually this significant event happens 7-8 days after conception, and the hormone level increases every two days. With the onset of a delay, it is possible to establish the fact of an “interesting situation” using pharmacy tests. A little earlier, you can donate blood from a vein to determine the concentration of hCG, because the pregnancy hormone appears in the blood earlier, its concentration increases faster.

A few days before donating venous blood you need to give up fatty foods and all bad habits, which include smoking and alcohol, it is advisable not to eat at all 6-8 hours before visiting the laboratory. If the result indicates that the hCG is higher than 5 units, then pregnancy can be suspected. But it’s too early to go to a consultation; it is advisable to repeat the blood test after 2-4 days in order to get the growth of the hormone in dynamics.

When the hCG level is growing at a good pace, you can safely contact your local gynecologist at your place of residence with a request to register you for pregnancy.

List of examinations during registration

Typically, representatives of the fair sex contact their gynecologist on the 10-15th day of a missed period. In addition to general questions, finding out the date of the last menstruation, the expectant mother will receive list of diagnostic examinations recommended for all ladies in an “interesting situation”:

general analysis of a urine sample;

blood group and Rh test;

biochemical examination of a blood sample;

complete blood test (general);

blood test to detect existing or past infections (Wassermann RV reaction, HIV, TORCH infections);

smear cytology of vaginal discharge.

These are the main diagnostic appointments; they give the doctor the opportunity to get a “starting” idea about the health of a woman who is soon going to become a mother. As additional diagnostic instructions, having studied the lady’s personal history, the characteristics of previous pregnancies, miscarriages, childbirth, Sometimes diagnostic methods such as:

blood test for the concentration of hormones, especially progesterone;

analysis for hemolysins and Rh antibodies (in pregnant women with a negative Rh factor);

test for sexually transmitted infections (STDs).

Table of required tests

Briefly, the diagnostic plan for the next nine months looks something like this:

This is only an approximate list of diagnostic measures; in each specific situation it can be supplemented by other studies that are necessary. If we talk about longer periods - trimesters, then it is advisable to undergo the following studies in each of them.

In the first trimester

Before 12-13 weeks, it is advisable for a woman to undergo the first screening test, a so-called genetic test or analysis for theoretically probable deformities of the baby. Based on the ratio of the concentration of hcgb (human chorionic gonadotropin) and plasma protein substance PAPP-A, in conjunction with the data shown by the fetometry of the baby, the computer program will calculate the individual risk of having a child with chromosomal disorders, such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and other total and incurable diseases . The ultrasound will also evaluate markers of genetic pathologies - TVP (thickness of the nuchal translucency) and visualization of the nasal bones.

General studies, as well as diagnostics for past infectious diseases, are of great importance, because once the fact of certain fluctuations from the norm and anomalies is established, the doctor will be able to choose the correct tactics for managing the pregnant woman. Doctors also believe that examination to determine the type and Rhesus of blood is also important.

When the expectant mother is found to lack a specific protein, that is, a negative Rh factor is confirmed, her husband will also have to visit the treatment room during his wife’s pregnancy and donate blood for the same test in the same antenatal clinic, so that the doctor can verify the man’s Rh status and timely assess the risk of developing Rh conflict between mother and fetus.

The expectant mother will have to visit the obstetrician approximately once every 3 weeks, if no complications or unforeseen situations arise during the process of bearing the baby. During this period, she will be recommended to visit other doctors - ENT, cardiologist, ophthalmologist, dentist and endocrinologist.

At each scheduled visit to your consultation, you will need to first submit your urine for a general analysis, and your blood pressure will be measured and weighed.

In the second trimester

In mid-pregnancy, the main examination is the second screening test. Blood is donated for biochemistry in the period from 16 to 20 weeks; ultrasound scanning can be performed at any time up to 21 weeks inclusive. As during the previous screening, a quantitative hCG level will be assessed, as well as alpha-fetoprotein and free estriol levels.

Together with ultrasound indicators and the general medical history of the pregnant woman, a computer program for screening studies will be able to summarize the picture and calculate the risks of having a baby with pathologies and developmental anomalies.

As in earlier stages, it is advisable to make sure that you show up for a scheduled appointment after passing your urine for a general analysis (CAM). At each visit, the woman will have her blood pressure measured, weighed, and her lower and upper extremities assessed for possible swelling. You will have to visit the doctor more often - about twice a month.

In the third trimester

The largest number of tests will have to be taken when applying for maternity leave. By the 30th week, almost everything that was already given when the pregnant woman was admitted to the dispensary is given. A urine test is still required before every doctor's visit. From the 30th week, the expectant mother begins to visit the gynecologist every 7-10 days. From 31 weeks diagnostic tests can be carried out - Fetal CTG and so-called Doppler ultrasound (USDG), whose task is to establish the intensity of blood flow in the uterine vessels.

Before giving birth, the woman will again have to undergo an impressive list of tests, including cytological examination of vaginal mucus. Screening for the 3rd trimester is limited to ultrasound from 3 to 32 weeks.

Description of tests during pregnancy

Not all doctors, whose responsibilities include deciphering these tests and making decisions about possible treatment or correction of the identified disorder, tell their patients what certain tests performed on pregnant women can show. And it is very important for expectant mothers to know what and why she is taking tests.

Clinical blood test

Until recently, it was taken exclusively separately, by piercing a woman’s finger with a scarifier; now doctors are trying to combine this process with collecting venous blood, since such material is quite suitable for clinical analysis on a par with a capillary blood sample. Such a study is also called detailed; the direction can be indicated briefly - "OAC" or "AS".

The analysis allows you to determine the content of red blood cells in a pregnant woman's blood, hemoglobin level, the exact number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and platelets, as well as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Blood should be donated on an empty stomach.

For an experienced doctor, the conclusion of a laboratory assistant after conducting a detailed analysis can tell a lot about the well-being of the expectant mother and her baby - whether the pregnant woman has inflammatory processes or allergies, or whether she has anemia. Leukocytes and ESR during pregnancy always slightly elevated, this is completely natural, due to nature itself. But a decrease in hemoglobin levels is considered an alarming indicator and requires medical correction, because if the mother has anemia, the child also suffers.

Hematocrit is the ability of blood to carry oxygen; under this concept, doctors encode the number of red blood cells, the cells that give blood its color and carry oxygen. An excess of platelet counts may well indicate thrombophilia - a very dangerous condition in general and during pregnancy in particular.

Determination of blood group and Rh factor

For the first time, these characteristics are determined for a person immediately after birth, in the maternity hospital. However, not every woman, especially if she has never been in a hospital, has a clear idea of ​​what group she has and what her Rh affiliation is. And this information is very important for understanding pregnancy management tactics. Venous blood is collected at the initial stage of pregnancy when the expectant mother comes to register. This is one of the first analyzes that is of enormous importance.

If it turns out that a man and a woman who are preparing to become parents have different blood types, the doctor will be able to assume a (small) likelihood of developing a blood type conflict. Conflict over the Rh factor occurs much more often. If a woman is negative and her husband is positive, then the risk of an immune conflict between mother and fetus, which may inherit father’s Rh, is high.

No preparation for the test is required; a venous blood sample will be taken at the same time as samples for general laboratory analysis. The group and Rh status are determined again in the maternity hospital, immediately before the birth of the baby, in order to eliminate any possibility of error.

Antibody titer tests

Such an analysis is not necessary for everyone, but only for women who are at risk of developing a mother-fetus conflict due to differences in Rh factors or blood groups. The analysis makes it possible to detect antibodies in a woman’s blood that are aimed at destroying the child as an agent foreign to the mother’s body. The antibody titer is expressed as a fraction 1: 16, 1: 32, etc. If there is no conflict, then the antibody titer is negative. The higher the value, the stronger the conflict.

The analysis is taken from a vein, on an empty stomach. For the first time, it is prescribed to an expectant mother at risk after registration, and is done once a month. In the second trimester, the analysis is carried out at least once every 2 weeks, and after 34 weeks - once a week.

Blood for sugar

Glucose is very important for energy metabolism both in the mother’s body and for metabolic processes in the baby’s small body. But excess blood sugar can lead to irreversible changes in the child's development. Therefore, this simple and understandable analysis definitely worth doing while carrying a baby.

For the first time, blood sugar will be determined at the time of registration at the dispensary for pregnancy. If there are no deviations, then such a study is repeated only at the end of pregnancy, after 34 weeks. If the doctor suspects so-called pregnancy diabetes, then the test will have to be taken more often. You can use a glycemic profile - a special method that is used at home.

With it, a woman will have to analyze her blood using a home glucometer several times a day - on an empty stomach before breakfast, every two hours after meals, and also before bed. At night, the procedure is carried out every 3 hours. The results are recorded, the daily glucose profile is analyzed after the correct daily measurement.

Normally, blood sugar in a pregnant woman is at the same levels as in non-pregnant women. In the blood it should be detected no more than 5.9 mmol/liter in venous blood, no higher than 8.9 mmol/liter two hours after eating. High glucose levels are fraught with miscarriage and fetal development abnormalities.

Hormonal blood test

Hormones are responsible for maintaining pregnancy; they contribute to the growth and normal development of the baby. Changes in hormonal levels cause the threat of miscarriage and developmental pathologies. This rather impressive group of studies includes blood tests for hCG, estriol, and progesterone. The first two hormones are determined during the second prenatal screening, and the level of progesterone is important both in the early stages (it promotes gestation) and at the end of gestation (it indicates the condition and functioning of the placenta).

For the proper development of a child’s internal organs, a sufficient amount of thyroid hormones is needed. They can be determined in the blood of a pregnant woman as free T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). Tests for free T3 and T4 will not be prescribed for everyone, but only for women who have previously had problems with the thyroid gland th, as well as when such problems arise during pregnancy.

An analysis for placental lactogen is considered popular. This hormone is produced by the placenta itself; it normally increases over the weeks of pregnancy, so its decrease may be a sign of placental insufficiency. The concentration of prolactin is also examined.

The hormone estradiol, which is responsible for the normal functioning of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the uterus itself, is of great importance for the reproductive health of the expectant mother. The closer to childbirth, the higher the concentration of estradiol. It is not so much the excess of this hormone that is dangerous, but its deficiency, since this is fraught with termination of pregnancy and other unpleasant consequences.

Sometimes it is necessary to determine the level of the male sex hormone testosterone in the blood of a pregnant woman. This hormone, although considered male, is also present in a certain concentration in women, and during pregnancy its level increases several times, especially in women pregnant with boys. Also, sometimes there is a need to determine the so-called AMT - anti-Mullerian hormone, a substance important for reproductive function. Such an analysis is often prescribed to women before and after IVF, as well as to pregnant women who have a history of unsuccessful attempts to become mothers - miscarriages and missed pregnancies.

All tests to determine hormonal levels should be taken in the morning before meals. 8 hours before this you should not eat fatty foods, and you should not smoke an hour before. A blood sample is taken from a vein. Many factors can affect test results - from the medications a woman takes to the extreme stress she experiences. You should also temporarily refrain from donating blood if you have recently had any infectious disease.

Blood chemistry

This common laboratory diagnostic method allows you to form a fairly accurate idea of ​​how internal organs work and how metabolic processes occur. The current level of development of laboratories makes it possible to establish several dozen different indicators in a venous blood sample.

In pregnant women, laboratory assistants determine glucose levels, urea levels, creatinine, total protein, iron and serum iron, bilirubin, cholesterol, homocysteine, and ferritin as part of a biochemical study. Thus, the concentration of bilirubin can indicate the condition and functioning of the liver, and urea and creatinine indicate the functionality and health of the kidneys and the entire excretory system. AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) are enzymes that, with their levels, “signal” about possible disorders of the heart and liver, respectively.

C-reactive protein can be a sign of inflammation in a pregnant woman's body. In addition, the biochemical research method makes it possible to determine the content of calcium and potassium, sodium and chlorine in the blood of a pregnant woman, which are so necessary during the period of bearing a baby.

If you are scheduled for such a test, it should be taken seriously. You should come to the treatment room strictly on an empty stomach, preferably 2-3 days before donating blood from a vein, do not eat fatty and fried foods, you should avoid a large amount of spices and sweets.

Determination of blood clotting

This is a whole group of tests that you should not refuse to undergo, at least because the outcome of the upcoming birth depends on it. The ability of blood to clot does not allow a woman to die during childbirth, because the blood loss at this moment is quite large. For a number of reasons, the expectant mother's blood may have an increased or decreased ability to clot. This is checked both at the beginning of pregnancy and at its end, immediately before childbirth.

The main danger during childbirth is heavy uterine bleeding, which can occur after the placenta is “born,” which is no longer necessary after the birth of the baby. The woman’s vessels are prepared in advance for this important moment. From the second trimester, the blood becomes thicker, ready for increased blood clot formation if necessary.

During pregnancy, such an analysis will have to be taken several times - at the very beginning, in the middle and immediately before childbirth. The main indicators are APTT (time required for clotting), platelet and fibrinogen levels, lupus anticoagulant.

The coagulogram includes the determination of INR - international normalized ratio. As part of the examination, the time required for the formation of a clot, the so-called prothrombin time, is determined. Normally it ranges from 17 to 20 seconds.

The concentration of RFMC, a soluble fibrin-monomer complex, is also determined. The result of this value is important in diagnosing problems with development or premature aging of the placenta. And since fibrin monomers do not increase on their own, but are usually associated with the number of platelets, a TEG - thromboelastogram - is also performed. Hemostasis - the balance of blood composition, preventing it from excessively thickening or thinning - is very important.

Any violations require prompt medical correction.

Test for hepatitis B and C

Hepatitis in pregnant women often occurs without symptoms, but the effect of viruses on the baby can be destructive, and the likelihood of intrauterine infection is lower than the likelihood of infection during childbirth. The insidiousness of hepatitis lies in the fact that a woman may not be aware of the disease and may not connect it in any way with recent sexual intercourse, visits to the dentist, piercings, or eating raw milk and oysters.

Hepatitis C is more dangerous than hepatitis B, since it more often leads to intrauterine infection in the fetus, as well as to the death of the baby both in the womb and in the first hours after birth. For many expectant mothers, the positive result of this laboratory blood test is unexpected. Hepatitis becomes a revelation for them.

Therefore, you should not refuse to undergo such diagnostics, because it does not require a separate visit to the treatment room - venous blood will be taken along with the material for biochemical or clinical analysis.

If the result is questionable, false positive or false negative, the diagnosis is repeated.

Test for syphilis and HIV

To protect the child from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, special treatment with antiretroviral drugs is carried out during pregnancy. In this case, the probability of infection of the baby is less than one percent. But in order to start such treatment and properly manage such a pregnancy, the doctor must be sure of the HIV status of the pregnant woman.

The test is done twice during pregnancy, not because the doctor wants it so. This is due to the incubation period - it is from 3 months, and therefore at the beginning of pregnancy, when a woman registers, the test can be negative, and already at 30 weeks it can become positive.

In laboratory conditions, antibodies to HIV are determined in the venous blood of the expectant mother. Normally they shouldn't be there. Testing for syphilis is also carried out repeatedly during the pregnancy. This is also due to the length of the incubation period of the disease.

Syphilis during pregnancy is dangerous because it can lead to miscarriage, to premature birth, to intrauterine infection of the baby. Not a single woman can speak with confidence about whether she has syphilis. Even if all her sexual contacts are under control, the same cannot be said about her partner; in addition, the disease is also transmitted through everyday contact. Syphilis may not manifest itself in any way for a long time.

A blood test for this unpleasant venereal disease is carried out using two methods - microprecipitation reaction or Wasserman reaction. The second method has become more widespread. During pregnancy, both can give false positive results, plunging the expectant mother into shock. Unfortunately, this happens quite often during pregnancy. Only an additional examination will help determine whether syphilis actually exists.

Analysis for TORCH infections

TORCH is an abbreviation followed by capital letters of the Latin names of the most common and most dangerous infections for expectant mothers - toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, herpes. If a woman suffered from some of these ailments earlier, before pregnancy, then IgG antibodies will be detected in her blood, which indicate the presence of antibodies to these infections in her body. The child, therefore, also finds himself under their protection.

If antibodies characteristic of the active phase of the immune response - IgM and IgA - are detected in the blood, then the woman urgently needs the help of an infectious disease specialist, and possibly termination of pregnancy for medical reasons. Such antibodies indicate that the woman suffers from these ailments, and this tens of times increases the likelihood of abnormal development of the baby, his death, or the birth of a disabled person.

Blood will be taken from a vein to test for rubella, toxoplasmosis, herpesviruses and cytomelovirus. No preparation for the analysis is required, which means you don’t have to fast before visiting the treatment room.

Additional tests

In addition to the tests that can be prescribed and carried out in a antenatal clinic, sometimes there is a need for additional research. These include a complex of IPD - invasive prenatal diagnostics. It is usually carried out in medical genetic centers.

It allows you to determine with great accuracy whether the baby is healthy. A woman may be referred for such examinations in whom the results of the first and second screenings showed high and extremely high risks birth of a child with chromosomal abnormalities.

First, the woman is provided with advisory assistance - she is referred to an appointment with a geneticist, who selects and offers the expectant mother one of the ways to confirm or refute the alarming screening results.

Chorionic villus biopsy is a study that can be prescribed at the earliest possible stage, as early as 10-12 weeks. Through the cervix with a special catheter or through a puncture with a long needle in the anterior abdominal wall, chorion tissue is taken for analysis. This study makes it possible with a 99% probability to establish Down syndrome and other congenital chromosomal abnormalities, neural tube defects, hereditary diseases, hemophilia, the sex of the child in the baby, and even establish paternity, if necessary.

The advantage of the method is that the conclusion is prepared within a few days, and, if the sad diagnosis is confirmed, the woman and her relatives have time to decide on the future fate of the pregnancy - leave the child with a pathology or terminate it for medical reasons.

The disadvantage of a biopsy is the risk of infection of the membranes of the fetus, the embryo itself, as well as the occurrence of bleeding and termination of pregnancy. In a woman with a negative Rh factor, invasive diagnostics can provoke the development of a conflict. Risks are estimated at 2-5%.

In the second trimester, a woman can undergo placentocentesis - taking a sample of placental tissue for genetic analysis in a similar manner as described. At 15-16 weeks, according to obstetric calculation, a woman may be offered an analysis of amniotic fluid - amniocentesis.

The amniotic fluid is collected using a long needle through the anterior abdominal wall. The entire process is tirelessly monitored by an ultrasound diagnostic specialist. The procedure is monitored on the monitor of the ultrasound scanner. The woman's pain is relieved by local or general anesthesia. This analysis is indicated not only for those whose screening shows a high risk of having a child with genetic diseases, but also for women who have a high titer of antibodies in the blood, since the method will allow us to establish the nature and course of the Rh conflict, as well as women whose doctor suspects severe fetal hypoxia.

The risk of negative consequences for the condition of the pregnant woman and her baby in this case is lower than with chorionic villus biopsy. It is estimated at approximately 1-3%. The disadvantage of the method is the duration of its implementation - sometimes it takes up to 6 weeks to get results.

In the second trimester, from the 18th week, it is possible to perform cordocentesis - taking the baby's umbilical cord blood for analysis. It is “extracted” in the same way - through the anterior abdominal wall. From mid-pregnancy, a tissue biopsy of the baby may also be indicated. Fetoscopy is considered the most traumatic method, which in 8-10% of cases leads to spontaneous abortion. A flexible probe is inserted into the uterus and the baby is carefully examined on the monitor. This procedure can be done at 18-19 weeks of pregnancy, but the procedure, for obvious reasons, is prescribed quite rarely.

Non-invasive methods are not particularly accurate, but they are less dangerous for women and children. Among the accurate non-invasive ways to find out everything about the baby’s health condition, we can only mention a non-invasive DNA test. It is carried out in special genetic clinics and medical centers. In the blood of a pregnant woman, the baby’s red blood cells are determined and isolated, which appear in it already from the 8th week of pregnancy. Then, the child’s unique DNA is isolated in the child’s blood cells, which makes it possible to judge with 98-99% accuracy whether there are any pathologies or developmental anomalies. The disadvantage of the analysis is that it is very expensive - several tens of thousands of rubles.

Conclusion

A wide variety of tests can be prescribed during pregnancy, it all depends on how the pregnancy is progressing. All of them, if there is a doctor’s prescription (except for the innovative non-invasive DNA test), are carried out completely free of charge for the expectant mother. However, a woman has the right to choose the laboratory and clinic where to be examined, and if she chooses something other than a regular consultation laboratory, the tests will have to be taken for a fee at the prices of the selected clinic.

In the next video you will find a useful pregnancy calendar by week and a list of necessary tests.

Often, despite the obvious need for medical supervision, the scope and frequency of recommended examinations during pregnancy sometimes cause confusion among women. Why, for example, take a general blood test every month during pregnancy? There is a generally accepted, or basic, plan for examining a pregnant woman. The pregnancy management plan includes early (up to 12 weeks) registration, careful collection of anamnesis (health information), regular medical supervision and a certain range of laboratory and instrumental tests. This medical supervision plan is developed based on clinical studies and medical statistics. Studies have shown that when monitoring the development of pregnancy and carrying out the listed examinations at certain times, the risk of developing pregnancy complications is reduced by 2.3 times, and the risk of developing fetal pathologies by more than five times! The plan was approved by the Ministry of Health and recommended to doctors of antenatal clinics and family planning centers when managing pregnancy. The tests and studies specified in the plan are basic and necessary for all expectant mothers.

So, what will pregnancy tests show, when is it best to do them and how to properly prepare for them?

1. Clinical (general) blood test during pregnancy: from the beginning of pregnancy to the 30th week - once a month, from the 30th week until childbirth - once every two weeks. Allows timely detection of anemia (lack of hemoglobin - an oxygen carrier, leading to oxygen starvation of the fetus), inflammatory processes of any localization, immune reactions to the fetus, changes in blood viscosity. Typically, capillary blood is taken from a finger for testing. The puncture is made with a special tool - a disposable spear. True, recently modern devices, popularly called “pistols,” are increasingly being used. It is very important that blood flows from the wound on its own or only with light squeezing.

Preparation. It is recommended to carry out a blood test on an empty stomach, and it is advisable to do repeated blood tests during pregnancy at the same hours, since the morphological composition of the blood may fluctuate throughout the day. You should not donate blood for analysis after physical activity, physiotherapeutic procedures, X-ray examination, or intravenous administration of medications.

2. General urine test during pregnancy: from the beginning of pregnancy until the 30th week - monthly, then once every two weeks. Helps eliminate kidney and urinary tract diseases, toxicosis and gestosis in pregnant women, diabetes, and general inflammatory processes.

Preparation. In order to correctly evaluate the results of a urine test during pregnancy and eliminate the possibility of error, it is very important to know how to prepare for the test. In the morning of the day appointed for analysis, before going to the toilet, you need to wash yourself especially thoroughly and insert a tampon into the vagina. When collecting urine for analysis, only the middle portion is used. Such precautions are taken to ensure that the contents of the genital tract do not get into the jar along with urine; This is what can cause a misdiagnosis.

3. Biochemical blood test during pregnancy: determined upon registration for pregnancy and at 36–37 weeks. Using this blood test during pregnancy, you can evaluate the efficiency of metabolism in the body of the expectant mother, on which the course of pregnancy and the proper development of the baby depend. General human metabolism includes the exchange of proteins, pigments, fats, carbohydrates and minerals - substances necessary for our life. A change in metabolic rates may indicate a problem in the functioning of a particular organ. For analysis, blood is taken from a vein.

Preparation. A biochemical blood test is taken in the morning on an empty stomach. The day before, foods high in sugar are excluded from the menu: grapes, pastries, high-calorie buns, cakes, etc.; in the evening (no later than 19:00) a light dinner is allowed.

4. Vaginal flora smear during pregnancy taken upon registration and at 36–37 weeks. This test during pregnancy is prescribed to identify infectious and nonspecific diseases of the genital tract. The method of collecting material for research will create no more discomfort for you than a regular examination on a gynecological chair. During the examination, the doctor will carefully take material from the urethra (urethra) with one end of a special tiny spoon, then with the other end from the cervical (cervical) canal, and finally, after an obstetric manual examination of the vagina, he will collect discharge in the posterior vaginal vault. In the laboratory, glasses are stained with various dyes and examined under a microscope.

Preparation. The day before, you must adhere to the usual hygiene rules, and on the day of the study, you will be asked to refrain from deep washing (so as not to wash off the study material!), limiting yourself to a regular shower. No dietary restrictions are expected. But if you suspect some infections, you will be asked to follow a “provocative diet”: more salty, smoked, spicy foods. Such food provokes abundant vaginal discharge, which contributes to a more accurate diagnosis.

5.Coagulogram during pregnancy(study of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation system) - at 36–37 weeks. An increase in blood viscosity leads to disruption of placental blood flow and thrombosis of small vessels; Blood thinning increases the risk of bleeding during pregnancy and childbirth. Usually this test is prescribed once. However, if doctors have special reasons for concern, a hemostasiogram during pregnancy - another name for this test - can be prescribed earlier, at the very beginning of pregnancy, and performed as often as necessary. The reason for an earlier or more frequent study of hemostasis during pregnancy may be bloody intimate discharge in the expectant mother, the unreasonable appearance of bruises on the skin, enlarged and inflamed veins, as well as impaired blood flow in the placenta according to ultrasound, poor data from previous hemostasiograms, monitoring in the process treatment of blood clotting disorders. Blood is taken from a vein, preferably in the morning (this increases the reliability of the result).

Preparation. The analysis is carried out exclusively on an empty stomach - no less than 12 hours after the last meal. The day before the analysis, it is recommended to exclude physical activity, stress, alcohol and nicotine (the last two factors, of course, should be excluded in principle for the entire period of pregnancy).

6.Analysis for detection of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis virus– upon registration, at 30 weeks of pregnancy, 38 weeks of pregnancy and upon admission to the maternity hospital. Diseases can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or during childbirth. Timely diagnosis and preventive (prevention) treatment protects the baby from the disease and helps the mother carry the pregnancy.

Preparation. Blood for this analysis is also donated on an empty stomach, more precisely, no less than 8 hours after the last meal. The day before, it is recommended to exclude fatty and fried foods, and replace usual drinks with drinking still water. You should also eliminate physical and psycho-emotional stress one day before, and alcohol, even in small doses, three days before.

7. Determination of blood group and Rh status– during registration and upon admission to the maternity hospital (to eliminate the possibility of error). Knowledge of these specific properties of blood is necessary in an emergency situation (for example, during bleeding) - to maintain compatibility during transfusion of blood and its components. In addition, timely detection of a negative Rh factor in an expectant mother and further monitoring of the amount of antibodies in her blood makes it possible to prevent such a dangerous complication of pregnancy as Rh conflict between mother and fetus.

Preparation. No special preparation is required for this test, but doctors recommend, if possible, taking the test in the first half of the day, at rest, and 4 hours after the last meal.

Preparation. Two days before a stool test during pregnancy, you should stop taking medications that affect digestive function, as well as products containing iron, bismuth, barium and food coloring. Before the study, you should not do an enema, take laxatives, or use rectal suppositories or ointments.

9.Electrocardiogram– at 36–37 weeks of pregnancy. The study allows you to evaluate the functioning of the cardiovascular system of the expectant mother, identify heart rhythm disturbances, and heart defects.

Preparation. The study is carried out in a supine position, at rest; the day before it is necessary to exclude any stress and stress. If the expectant mother is taking nifedipine, Ginipral, or other drugs that affect the heart rhythm, this must be reported to the doctor.

10. Ultrasound during pregnancy– when registering before 12 weeks (confirming the fact of pregnancy, excluding pathology of the location and attachment of the fetus), at 18–24 weeks (excluding pathology of the development of the fetus and placenta) and after 32 weeks (determining the physical parameters and location of the fetus).

Preparation. It is advisable to empty the intestines before the examination - this will allow the doctor to better examine the pelvic organs. A couple of days before a scheduled ultrasound during pregnancy, you should refrain from cabbage, legumes, grapes, black bread, nuts, seeds and carbonated drinks. To increase the information content of ultrasound performed up to 10 weeks, you can drink 300–500 ml of still drinking water half an hour before the start.

11.Doplerometry during pregnancy(study of placental blood flow) - in parallel with the third ultrasound. Allows you to identify deterioration in blood supply, growth and respiration of the fetus.

Preparation. Not required.

12.Cardiotocography– a method used to assess the condition of the fetus and the tone of the uterus. The study is carried out after the 32nd week.

Preparation. Not required.

In recent years, the recommended tests have been supplemented by an analysis for sexually transmitted infections (carried out upon registration) and a screening test to detect fetal pathologies (16–18 weeks of pregnancy). These studies also do not require special preparation.

In addition to general studies, there are specific tests during pregnancy, prescribed in special cases, according to indications. For example, some data from an external examination force the doctor to examine the hormonal background of a pregnant woman. Changes in the heartbeat and motor activity of the fetus at certain stages of pregnancy may be an indication for blood viscosity testing. The significant age of the future parents or the presence of genetic abnormalities in relatives predisposes to conducting a genetic examination. The presence of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, vascular disease, and kidney disease, is a reason for an extensive examination of the function of these organs and specific tests.

The timing and frequency of the “basic” set of additional studies, such as a general blood and urine test, vaginal smear, ultrasound and CTG, are also quite individual and may vary. Increasing the frequency of routine studies or changing the timing of their conduct depends on the characteristics of the course of pregnancy in a particular patient. For example, if gestosis is suspected (late toxicosis, manifested by edema, high blood pressure and the appearance of protein in the urine), a urine test is prescribed up to three times in a row with an interval of several days - to eliminate errors and determine the stage of the process. In case of disturbances in placental blood flow, ultrasound and Dopplerometry (monitoring blood circulation in the placenta) can be performed every week, and CTG (registration of the fetal heartbeat) up to twice a day.

A deterioration in general health – for example, a viral infection or exacerbation of a chronic disease – is also a reason for additional examination. After all, the condition and development of the fetus directly depends on the health of the mother. Against the background of a general inflammatory process, blood viscosity may increase, vascular tone increases, and swelling increases. Such changes lead to a deterioration in blood supply to the fetus and can adversely affect the course of pregnancy. In addition, viruses are able to penetrate the placental barrier. When viruses enter the placental bloodstream, there is a risk of inflammation of the placenta, fetal membranes, and even infection of the fetus. Additional examination helps the doctor to identify the problem in time and prevent its development.

Tests during pregnancy: for greater reliability

To obtain an optimal and reliable examination result, the expectant mother must follow the following rules:

• examinations need to be carried out not selectively, but in full;
• you should strictly adhere to the research timeframes recommended by your doctor;
• You should immediately inform your doctor about changes in general health, a cold or exacerbation of chronic diseases; firstly, in these cases an unscheduled and additional examination is necessary, secondly, your complaints and symptoms will help the doctor correctly assess the result;
• It is advisable to undergo examination in one clinic; firstly, different laboratories may differ in the reagents used, the resolution of the equipment and units of measurement, and secondly, it is more convenient for a diagnostician to compare the results with his previous studies;
• specialists in additional diagnostic methods (doctors in ultrasound rooms, CTG, ECG, etc.), just like laboratory doctors, do not make a diagnosis; they can only describe the research results and make a medical conclusion, on the basis of which the attending physician, taking into account the examination data, previous tests and symptoms, makes a diagnosis;
• the same person – your attending physician – should prescribe and evaluate the results of all studies; it is advisable not to change your obstetrician-gynecologist during pregnancy: the doctor who has observed you from the very beginning has the opportunity to more objectively assess the dynamics of the development of pregnancy;
• and, finally, most importantly, it is important to strictly follow the recommendations for preparing for tests; otherwise, the research result may be unreliable.

Tests in the 1st week of pregnancy are an exciting process, and, basically, the main task is to make sure whether pregnancy has occurred or not. The first analysis that can be done at home is to do a pregnancy test. But, in the first week after fertilization, the test will not yet give a positive result, since the fertilized egg has not yet implanted in the uterine mucosa. Only after the egg is implanted does hCG begin to be released, and it is this hormone that indicates the onset of pregnancy. It is best to use a rapid test in the first week of a missed period.

The most reliable way to confirm the fact of pregnancy is a blood test for the presence of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). In the first weeks, its concentration will be from zero to five honey/ml. In the future, depending on the growth of hCG, the most accurate period of pregnancy can be determined.

Ultrasound in the first week of pregnancy is ineffective as a diagnostic method. A woman may be referred for an ultrasound to rule out fibroids, cystic and tumor formations, and blood clots in the uterus.

If the pregnancy was planned, while waiting for its confirmation, you need to protect yourself from colds and infections, give up bad habits and medications, don’t be nervous or overworked, and take vitamin complexes.

Tests at 2 weeks of pregnancy

Many expectant mothers undergo tests at the 2nd week of pregnancy simultaneously with registration at the antenatal clinic. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

According to the analysis and survey data of the pregnant woman, an individual pregnancy management plan is drawn up, taking into account previous diseases and existing pathologies.

Tests at 3 weeks of pregnancy

Many expectant mothers undergo tests at the 3rd week of pregnancy simultaneously with registration at the antenatal clinic. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Carrying out an hCG test (from the 7th day after the expected fertilization) - the presence of hCG in the blood confirms the fact of pregnancy and makes it possible to establish the most accurate timing.

Ultrasound examination (if indicated, if pregnancy is planned) - to make sure that there are no cystic or tumor formations, blood clots in the uterine cavity, as well as to exclude other abnormalities of the reproductive system, as well as to exclude ectopic pregnancy.

If, according to hCG data, pregnancy is confirmed, then appointments are issued for the following tests:

• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Testing for TORCH infections.
• Conducting an analysis to detect urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Conducting a general, biochemical blood test, determining blood sugar levels, determining blood clotting.
• Determination of the blood group and Rh factor of a pregnant woman.
• Testing for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis.
• It is also recommended to visit highly specialized doctors - dentist, therapist, ENT doctor - to treat possible diseases and not complicate the course of pregnancy.

Tests at 4 weeks of pregnancy

Many expectant mothers undergo tests at the 4th week of pregnancy simultaneously with registration at the antenatal clinic. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Carrying out an hCG test (from the 7th day after the expected fertilization) - the presence of hCG in the blood confirms the fact of pregnancy and makes it possible to establish the most accurate timing.
• Ultrasound examination - to make sure that there are no cystic or tumor formations, blood clots in the uterine cavity, and also to exclude other abnormalities
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Testing for TORCH infections.
• Conducting an analysis to detect urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out general, biochemical analysis, determining blood sugar levels, determining blood clotting.
• Determination of the blood group and Rh factor of a pregnant woman.
• It is also recommended to visit highly specialized doctors - dentist, therapist, ENT doctor - to treat possible diseases and not complicate the course of pregnancy.

Tests at 5 weeks of pregnancy

Many mothers undergo tests at the 5th week of pregnancy simultaneously with registration at the antenatal clinic. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Carrying out an hCG test (from the 7th day after the expected fertilization) - the presence of hCG in the blood confirms the fact of pregnancy and makes it possible to determine the timing.
• Ultrasound examination. They are carried out to make sure that there are no cystic or tumor formations, blood clots in the uterine cavity, and also to exclude other abnormalities of the reproductive system. And most importantly, exclude ectopic pregnancy.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Testing for TORCH infections.
• Conducting an analysis to detect urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Conducting a general, biochemical blood test, determining blood sugar levels, determining blood clotting.
• Determination of the blood group and Rh factor of a pregnant woman.
• Testing for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis.
• It is also recommended to visit highly specialized doctors - dentist, therapist, ENT doctor - to treat possible diseases and not complicate the course of pregnancy.

Tests at 6 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 6th week of pregnancy include a further visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother registering her pregnancy at the antenatal clinic must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure and weigh.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.

Analysis at 7 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 7th week of pregnancy include a further visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother registering her pregnancy at the antenatal clinic must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Carrying out a pregnancy test at home (you can buy it at a pharmacy, the test is indicated if your period is 7-10 days late)
• Carrying out an hCG test (from the 7th day after the expected fertilization) - the presence of hCG in the blood confirms the fact of pregnancy.
• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 5 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Measure blood pressure and weigh.
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out biochemical analysis, determining sugar and hemoglobin levels.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis, RW.
• Urine donation for general analysis and kidney function testing. An analysis that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear for microflora is prescribed - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 8 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 8th week of pregnancy include a further visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother registering her pregnancy at the antenatal clinic must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Carrying out a pregnancy test (you can buy it at a pharmacy; the test is indicated if your period is 7-10 days late)
• Carrying out an hCG test (from the 7th day after the expected fertilization) - the presence of hCG in the blood confirms the fact of pregnancy.
• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 5 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Measure blood pressure and weigh.
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out biochemical analysis, determining sugar and hemoglobin levels.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis, RW.
• Urine donation for general analysis and kidney function testing. An analysis that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear for microflora is prescribed - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 9 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 9th week of pregnancy include a further visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother registering her pregnancy at the antenatal clinic must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure and weigh.
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out biochemical analysis, determining sugar and hemoglobin levels.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis, RW.
• Urine donation for general analysis and kidney function testing. An analysis that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear for microflora is prescribed - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 10 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 10th week of pregnancy include a further visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother registering her pregnancy at the antenatal clinic must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 12-14 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Measure blood pressure and weigh.
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out biochemical analysis, determining sugar and hemoglobin levels.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis, RW.
• Urine donation for general analysis and kidney function testing. An analysis that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear for microflora is prescribed - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 11 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 11th week of pregnancy include a further visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother registering her pregnancy at the antenatal clinic must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 12-14 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out biochemical analysis, determining sugar and hemoglobin levels.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis, RW.
• Urine donation for general analysis and kidney function testing. An analysis that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear for microflora is prescribed - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 12 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 12th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 12-14 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out biochemical analysis, determining sugar and hemoglobin levels.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis, RW.
• Urine donation for general analysis and kidney function testing. An analysis that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear for microflora is prescribed - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 13 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 13th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 12-14 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out biochemical analysis, determining sugar and hemoglobin levels.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis, RW.
• Urine donation for general analysis and kidney function testing. An analysis that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear for microflora is prescribed - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 14 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 14th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 12-14 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out biochemical analysis, determining sugar and hemoglobin levels.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis, RW
• Urine donation for general analysis and kidney function testing. An analysis that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear for microflora is prescribed - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 15 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 15th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 12-14 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Carrying out an ECG.
• Carrying out a hormone test as prescribed by a doctor.
• Conducting an analysis to detect urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Determination of the blood group and Rh factor of a pregnant woman.
• Testing for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis.

Tests at 16 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 16th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the first planned one, 12-14 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the gestational age, the number of fetuses, and to confirm the absence of physical abnormalities in the unborn child.
• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist (if consultation with these doctors has not been received previously or a course of sanitation is required).
• Carrying out an ECG.
• Carrying out a hormone test as prescribed by a doctor.
• Conducting an analysis to detect urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Conducting a general, biochemical blood test, determining blood sugar levels.
• Determination of the blood group and Rh factor of a pregnant woman.
• Testing for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis.
• It is necessary to conduct a triple test - the indicators of this test will help to provide early information about severe chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. The analysis is carried out at 16-18 weeks from the first day of the last menstruation.

Tests at 17 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 17th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist (if consultation with these doctors has not been received previously or a course of sanitation is required).
• Hormone analysis as prescribed by a doctor.
• Analysis for the detection of urogenital infectious diseases according to a doctor’s indication.
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Carrying out general, biochemical analysis, determination of blood sugar.
• Blood group and Rh test for pregnant women.
• Test for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis.
• It is necessary to conduct a triple test - the indicators of this test will help to provide early information about severe chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. The analysis is carried out at 16-18 weeks from the first day of the last menstruation.

Tests at 18 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 18th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist (if consultation with these doctors has not been received previously or a course of sanitation is required).
• Carrying out an ECG.
• Carrying out a hormone test as prescribed by a doctor.
• Conducting an analysis to detect urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.

• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Conducting a general, biochemical blood test, determining blood sugar levels.
• Determination of the blood group and Rh factor of a pregnant woman.
• Testing for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis.
• It is necessary to conduct a triple test - the indicators of this test will help to provide early information about severe chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. The analysis is carried out at 16-18 weeks from the first day of the last menstruation.

Tests at 19 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 19th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist (if consultation with these doctors has not been received previously or a course of sanitation is required).
• Carrying out an ECG.
• Carrying out a hormone test as prescribed by a doctor.
• Conducting an analysis to detect urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.

If at this time a woman is just registering, it is recommended:

• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Conducting a general, biochemical blood test, determining blood sugar levels.
• Determination of the blood group and Rh factor of a pregnant woman.
• Testing for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis.
• It is necessary to conduct a triple test - the indicators of this test will help to provide early information about severe chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. The analysis is carried out at 16-18 weeks from the first day of the last menstruation.

Tests at 20 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 20th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist (if consultation with these doctors has not been received previously or a course of sanitation is required).
• Carrying out an ECG.
• Carrying out a hormone test as prescribed by a doctor.
• Conducting an analysis to detect urogenital infections as prescribed by a doctor.
• If at this time a woman is just registering, it is recommended:
• Taking a vaginal smear for microflora.
• Conducting a general, biochemical blood test, determining blood sugar levels.
• Determining the blood type and blood type of a pregnant woman.
• Testing for AIDS (HIV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis.
• It is necessary to conduct a triple test - the indicators of this test will help to provide early information about severe chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. The analysis is carried out at 16-18 weeks from the first day of the last menstruation.

Tests at 21 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at 21 weeks of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist (if consultation with these doctors has not been received previously or a course of sanitation is required).
• Carrying out an ECG.

Tests at 22 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 22nd week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.
• Carrying out an ECG.
• Donating blood for hormone analysis is carried out if there is a threat of miscarriage or the formation of intrauterine pathologies of the fetus.

If necessary, the expectant mother may be prescribed additional tests and consultation with a related specialist if the woman is bothered by complaints of malaise, weakness, etc.

Tests at 23 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 23rd week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. During this period, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests and studies:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist.
• Carrying out an ECG.
• Donating blood for hormone analysis is carried out if there is a threat of miscarriage or the formation of intrauterine pathologies of the fetus.

If necessary, the expectant mother may be prescribed additional tests and consultation with a related specialist if the woman is bothered by complaints of malaise, weakness, etc.

Tests at 24 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 24th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. During this period, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests and studies:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist.
• Carrying out an ECG.

Tests at 25 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 25th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. During this period, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests and studies:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the second planned one, 24-26 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the amount of amniotic fluid, confirm the absence of anomalies in the fetus, and assess the condition of the placenta and its attachment site.
• Donating blood for a clinical blood test to monitor hemoglobin levels.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist (if this was not done at week 24).
• Carrying out an ECG.

Tests at 26 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 26th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. During this period, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests and studies:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the second planned one, 24-26 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the amount of amniotic fluid, confirm the absence of anomalies in the fetus, and assess the condition of the placenta and its attachment site.
• Donating blood for a clinical blood test to monitor hemoglobin levels.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.
• Separately, consultation with related specialists is indicated - therapist, ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, dentist.
• Carrying out an ECG to assess the functioning of the cardiovascular system of the expectant mother.

If necessary, the expectant mother may be prescribed additional tests and consultation with a related specialist if the woman is bothered by complaints of malaise, weakness, etc.

Tests at 27 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 27th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. During this period, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests and studies:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the second planned one, 24-26 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the amount of amniotic fluid, confirm the absence of anomalies in the fetus, and assess the condition of the placenta and its attachment site.
• Donating blood for a clinical blood test to monitor hemoglobin levels.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

If necessary, the expectant mother may be prescribed additional tests and consultation with a related specialist if the woman is bothered by complaints of malaise, weakness, etc.

Tests at 28 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 28th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. During this period, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests and studies:

• Ultrasound examination (carrying out the second planned one, 24-26 weeks after the 1st day of the last menstruation). They are carried out in order to obtain data on the height and weight of the fetus, its position and presentation, to have an idea of ​​the amount of amniotic fluid, and to determine the sex of the unborn baby.
• Donating blood for a clinical blood test to monitor hemoglobin levels.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

If necessary, the expectant mother may be prescribed additional tests and consultation with a related specialist if the woman is bothered by complaints of malaise, weakness, etc.

Tests at 29 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 29th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a month. At term, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• A pregnant woman's urine sample for a general analysis and check of kidney function should be done before each visit to the antenatal clinic. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

If necessary, the expectant mother may be prescribed additional tests and consultation with a related specialist if the woman is bothered by complaints of malaise, weakness, etc.

Tests at 30 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 30th week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once every two weeks. At this time, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine delivery to a pregnant woman for general analysis and testing of kidney function. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

At the same time, the expectant mother should receive an exchange card with the written results of all tests and examinations performed, if 30 weeks have passed since the first day of her last period. Based on this document, the expectant mother will be admitted to the maternity hospital; it is better to always have it with her. Also during this period, maternity leave is issued for working women (or students) - 30 weeks after the start of the last menstruation.

Tests at 31 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at 31 weeks of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once every two weeks. During this period, the expectant mother undergoes the following mandatory tests:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

Tests at 32 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 32nd week of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once every two weeks. During this period, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests and tests carried out as prescribed by the doctor:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine donation for general analysis and testing of kidney function.

Tests at 33 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at the 33rd week of pregnancy must be taken systematically, without disrupting the schedule. You need to visit the doctor supervising your pregnancy once a week. At this time, upon visiting the antenatal clinic, the pregnant woman should undergo:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine donation for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Carrying out Doppler ultrasound (as prescribed by a doctor) - to assess the condition of the vessels of the uterine body, blood circulation of the placenta and fetus. This is necessary for the timely detection of intrauterine oxygen starvation in the baby.
• Carrying out cardiotocography (as prescribed by a doctor). This study assesses the synchrony of uterine contractions and fetal heartbeats.

Tests at 34 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at 34 weeks of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a week. During this period, the expectant mother must undergo the following mandatory tests and tests carried out as prescribed by the doctor:

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Urine donation for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Carrying out Doppler ultrasound (as prescribed by a doctor) - to assess the condition of the vessels of the uterine body, blood circulation of the placenta and fetus. This is necessary for the timely detection of intrauterine oxygen starvation in the baby.
• Carrying out cardiotocography (as prescribed by a doctor). This study assesses the synchrony of uterine contractions and fetal heartbeats.

Tests at 36 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at 36 weeks of pregnancy include a visit to the doctor supervising the pregnancy once a week. During this period, the expectant mother undergoes the following mandatory tests:

• Ultrasound examination. They are carried out in order to obtain data on the height and weight of the fetus, its position and presentation, and to have an idea of ​​the amount of amniotic fluid.
• Donating blood for AIDS (HIV) and syphilis. This is necessary to eliminate the possibility of infection during pregnancy and to protect the unborn child.
• Donating blood for biochemistry. This makes it possible to get an overall picture of the pregnant woman’s health.
• Submission of a vaginal smear to determine the microflora of the vaginal mucosa.
• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• Carrying out Doppler ultrasound (as prescribed by a doctor) - to assess the condition of the vessels of the uterine body, blood circulation of the placenta and fetus. This is necessary for the timely detection of intrauterine oxygen starvation in the baby.
• Carrying out cardiotocography (as prescribed by a doctor). This study assesses the synchrony of uterine contractions and fetal heartbeats.

Also, the expectant mother should receive an exchange card with the written results of all tests and examinations performed, if 30 weeks have passed since the first day of her last period. Based on this document, the expectant mother will be admitted to the maternity hospital; it is better to always have it with her. Also at this time, maternity leave is issued - 30 weeks after the start of the last menstruation.

Tests at 37 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at 37 weeks of pregnancy include several stages. At this stage, the baby is almost completely formed and viable. At this stage, tests are aimed at monitoring the condition of the mother and fetus, preventing the development of anemia in the mother and oxygen starvation in the baby. If necessary, hospitalization of the expectant mother before the onset of labor is indicated.

At the 37th week of pregnancy, a pregnant woman should undergo the following tests:

• Consultation with a doctor supervising pregnancy once a week with mandatory measurement of blood pressure, fundal height of the uterus, weighing, and auscultation of the fetal heart rate.
• Urine donation for general analysis and testing of kidney function.
• Submission of a vaginal smear - to analyze the microflora of the vaginal mucosa in anticipation of childbirth.
• Carrying out Doppler sonography - to assess the condition of the vessels of the uterine body, blood circulation of the placenta and fetus. This is necessary for the timely detection of intrauterine oxygen starvation in the baby.
• Carrying out cardiotocography (as indicated by a doctor) - assessing and recording the fetal heartbeat and uterine contractions.

Also, at week 37, the expectant mother should receive an exchange card with the written results of all tests and examinations performed. Based on this document, the expectant mother will be admitted to the maternity hospital; it is better to always have it with her. Also at this time, maternity leave is issued - 30 weeks after the start of the last menstruation.

• Measure blood pressure, weigh, measure the height of the uterine fundus, listen to the fetal heart rate.
• The expectant mother must submit urine for a general analysis. A urine test that does not contain protein, sugar, or leukocytes can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.
• Do a Doppler ultrasound to assess the condition of the uterine vessels, placental circulation and fetal blood flow. This is necessary in order to prevent the development of oxygen starvation in the fetus.
• Carry out cardiotocography. This study assesses the synchrony of uterine contractions and fetal heartbeats.

Tests at the 39th week of pregnancy should not be skipped; this is the easiest and most harmless way to monitor the condition of the unborn child and mother.

A pregnant woman should undergo a general urine test to exclude the possibility of inflammation, kidney dysfunction and not to miss such a serious condition as late toxicosis, which is very dangerous for the health of the baby and mother. A urine test that does not contain protein or leukocyte sugar can be considered normal. If leukocytes are detected in the urine, an additional vaginal smear is prescribed for microflora - this makes it possible to identify the pathogen and prescribe an effective and gentle treatment.

A general blood test is also required to monitor changes in the percentage of formed elements, specifically red blood cells, so as not to miss anemia, which provokes oxygen deficiency in the fetus.

Blood pressure measurements and a cardiogram of a pregnant woman’s heart are also mandatory tests. Also, as prescribed by the obstetrician-gynecologist supervising the pregnancy, a test for hepatitis B and C and a bacteriological smear of vaginal discharge may be prescribed.

Tests at 40 weeks of pregnancy

Tests at 40 weeks of pregnancy are prescribed according to individual indications. At 40 weeks, the future baby is ready for childbirth, its weight is 3-3.5 kg, and its height reaches fifty to fifty-five centimeters. The baby is quite active at this stage; his back, legs, arms, and head can be felt. The position of the child in the uterine cavity is very clearly visible.

You only need to visit a doctor who supervises your pregnancy once a week. The examination includes standard procedures - the pregnant woman must weigh herself, measure her blood pressure, the doctor measures the height of the uterus, listens to and records the fetal heartbeat. Before visiting a doctor, you also need to take a urine sample for a general analysis to assess the condition of the excretory system and evaluate kidney function.

Doppler sonography is performed only if there is a suspicion of post-term pregnancy. Using this method, information is obtained about the state of blood circulation in the uterus, about the blood flow of the placenta and the blood flow of the unborn child, and most importantly, in this way you can find out whether the fetus is suffering from oxygen starvation.

Cardiotocography is also carried out according to indications if there is a suspicion of postmaturity. Using this method, the condition of the unborn child is also assessed in order to exclude oxygen starvation.