Child slave labor in tsarist Russia. Child labor as an obstacle to education

About 250 million children around the world are still deprived of a normal childhood. Their destiny is hard work and often in unbearable conditions. The global community is doing a lot to ensure that children have access to education and health care, but child labor undoubtedly remains one of the main problems of the modern world.

The International Labor Organization estimates that around 250 million children in the world work instead of studying.

The financial crisis has only exacerbated this situation, so it is unlikely that the problem will be overcome until 2016, as previously planned by international children's organizations. What to do?

Benin. Learn, learn and learn

A market in the city of Cotonou, a transit point and destination for thousands of exploited children in West Africa. This is the largest child labor market in the region, where we can find almost everything, including the worst examples of child exploitation.

Approximately 200,000 children are estimated to be victims of human trafficking each year in West Africa. They work around the house, on farms, in mines, or in markets like this one. Benin, one of the poorest countries in the world, has become a key player in this business. Almost 800 kilometers of the border with Nigeria is poorly controlled on both sides.

Many local NGOs, such as the Don Bosco Association, have been fighting this problem for years. Every day the doors of the organization are open for “children from the street”. The work of educators here is not only teaching reading or writing.

In 2011, the NGO helped over 2,500 street children in the markets of Kotonou, Portonova and Sema, the latter two just a few meters from the Nigerian border. Thanks to the Association, the children took their first steps in education and acquired professional skills. Now it is easier for them to integrate into society.

Geneva: international program to eliminate child labor

According to the International Labor Organization, despite all the efforts of the world community and numerous projects, the number of working children is growing. In Geneva, the World of Knowledge program met with experts in the field of child labor. The results of the conversation are in our next story.

Our interlocutor is Patrick Quinn, Senior Specialist of the ILO International Child Labor Programme. He takes us through the big picture and explains how best to act to eliminate the worst forms of child labor entirely by 2016:

“250 million children around the world are forced to work. And more than half of that number work in what we call the worst forms of child labour. This is a job that is hazardous to the health and development of children.

Nearly 70 million children in the world do not go to school. This is a global problem that needs to be addressed. More than 60% of children work in hazardous areas such as mining and agriculture.

In Africa in general and in Benin in particular, over the past four years we have seen the most alarming trend in which the number of children in hard work is only increasing. So this is a serious problem.

In Southeast Asia, we are seeing some progress in the fight against child labour. But against the background of huge overcrowding, the concentration of child labor here is still the highest in the world.

Poverty is the root cause of child labour.

It is necessary to improve the social protection system so that poor families do not have to look for funds to send their child to school. It is necessary to provide work for adults.

For example, children work in mines, in agriculture with pesticides, in construction. All this is very dangerous. First, we must do our best to ensure that children learn. We must develop social protection programs so that poor families in the event of a crisis are not forced to take their children out of school and send them to work. Second, there must be a legal basis for compulsory education and for employers not to use child labor. And finally, adults should have a decent job so that they can feed their families, then the children will go to school.”

India: “Lord, help me to endure, to become the salt of the earth and the light of the world”

Our next hero lives in South Asia, in India, which has always been considered a black hole in the labor market, where no laws are enforced. His name is Suzai. He had to overcome a lot in order not to break. Today he works for a charity that helps abused children.

Fleeing from the bloodshed in Burma, where he was born, Susa found himself in India. I had to start a new life.

Susa is from a large family. Four of his siblings have died. He was forced to work to feed those who survived.

Sousa became close to a Christian charity, and under their influence began to fight for the rights of working children. But life has prepared a new blow. His 15-year-old son drowned.

In 1994, Susa created a charity in memory of his son. Over the past 18 years, his organization has helped thousands of children. Now many “children from the street” have found shelter here, as well as those who work in a rice mill and in a brick factory where Susa himself worked as a child. The organization also advocates for the rights of workers in general, helps fight unfair working conditions and poor living conditions.

When the going gets tough, Suza prays, “Lord, help me to endure, to become the salt of the earth and the light of the world.”

Since 1995, the organization founded by Susa has helped nearly 5,000 children complete their primary education. Three-quarters of them ended up in schools.

The machines were first used in the textile industry. Spinning and weaving machines made the muscular strength of the worker superfluous, but they required the speed and dexterity of the movement of the fingers. Under these conditions, it became technically advantageous to replace a man with a woman and a child. The technical moment was joined by another - economic. Such a replacement promised the manufacturer a saving in wages and placed at his disposal a labor force subject to the widest possible exploitation.

The appearance of the first factories with machine tools was the beginning of the massive involvement of children and women in industrial labor. But it is a mistake to think that in the era before the industrial revolution, the percentage of children and women employed in the manufacturing industry was negligible. The manor's court of the medieval lord was filled with serf workers (weavers, spinners, embroiderers, etc.). Medieval cities already in the 13th century had many women - artisans, city law and guild statuses speak of them.

Even then, male workers were anxiously watching the increasing supply of cheap female labor. An organized struggle of handicraft workshops against the influx of free female hands arose. In parallel with the growth of female labor, the number of children absorbed by the craftsman's workshop increased: children of both sexes entered it as apprentices, and the faster the technical division of labor developed, the more they were drawn into the maelstrom of industrial life. The 16th century is marked by the appearance of large capitalist workshops, in which the desire to intensively exploit children's forces is openly revealed. The Elizabethan Apprenticeship Act (1562) attempts to artificially check this growth in the interests of small industry.

The observed phenomenon is explained by the profound transformation of economic life: the successes of medieval trade dealt a decisive blow to the system of subsistence farming, a social division of labor arose, and a number of labor operations were transferred from the close circle of the family to isolated workshops. The sphere of the household is becoming more and more narrowed, freeing up the forces of the woman and the auxiliary forces of the children. The family is compelled to purchase many items from the market, and the desire to increase its purchasing power forces it to occupy the freed hands of a woman and a child in handicraft production. The lack of means of subsistence pushed single women to the same goal.

Thus the conditions of economic life, long before the advent of machines, undermined the organic integrity of the family unit. But these first heralds of new social relations pale before the later upheaval. The end of the 18th century in the history of England is marked by a continuous series of technical inventions that have gained world economic significance. The application of machines to the processing of fibrous materials with unprecedented force awakened an industrial initiative. Large-scale capitalist manufactory, which arose as early as the 16th century, is being transformed into a modern factory: huge masses of workers are concentrated in one enterprise, the old craft is falling, giving way to large-scale industry.

The machines were first used in the textile industry. Here the consequences of the technical revolution were revealed most clearly, and the course of further improvements was especially successful. Spinning and weaving machines made the muscular strength of the worker superfluous, but they required the speed and dexterity of the movement of the fingers. Under these conditions, it became technically advantageous to replace a man with a woman and a child. The technical moment was joined by another - economic. Such a replacement promised the manufacturer a saving in wages and placed at his disposal a labor force subject to the widest possible exploitation. That is why, since the end of the eighteenth century, the number of women and children employed in the English textile industry has increased so rapidly. For the same reasons, the mass recruitment of women and children began in other branches of production.

The process, in the classical form, passed by England, with minor variations, was repeated by other countries. For the first half of the twentieth century, the displacement of adult men by women and children and the widespread, unrestricted exploitation of female and child labor were a pan-European phenomenon. The intensity of this phenomenon made a huge impression on contemporaries. This shows how sharply the feverishly rapid rate of growth of women's and children's labor in the machine period differed sharply from the gradual imperceptible growth in the previous era.

The subsequent changes in economic life did not stop, but intensified this process. The powerful development of transport, trade and capitalist agriculture drew new masses of women's and children's forces into the sphere of wage labor. The continuous differentiation of labor made this phenomenon possible, and the advantage of a cheap and obedient labor force desirable and advantageous for triumphant capital. On the contrary, for a dying craft, the unlimited exploitation of children has become the only way to support its agony. The system of fictitious apprenticeships led to a continuous increase in the number of children employed in crafts and allowed the craftsman to at least partially paralyze the annihilating competition of capital.

Displacing the labor of an adult man from some branches of production, a woman moves it to others, without reducing the total number of the male working population. There are specific branches of female labor in which the relative number of female workers is especially high, while the number of men is progressively falling (confectionery, sewing, lace, factory processing of fibrous substances, etc.). Here the economic benefit from the exploitation of the physical and spiritual characteristics of a woman is more pronounced.

There is no lack of a reciprocal supply of labor - severe need drives wives, mothers and young girls under the arches of factories and craft workshops. The questionnaire of German factory inspectors on the work of married women confirms that the decisive role in entering the factory is played by the extreme need of the worker herself or her relatives.

In Russia

In Russia, the emergence of large-scale industry dates back to the beginning of the 18th century. Weak beginnings of factory production are observed as early as the 15th-16th centuries, but the first large-scale enterprises arose in the Petrine era under the strong influence of state requirements. The reorganization of the army presented an increased demand for the products of an independent national industry, and Peter's entire economic policy was reduced to the feverish planting of cloth, linen, weapons and other factories on the basis of developed commercial capital. But in the 18th century, the Russian factory did not yet have a capitalist character: in the absence of free hands, it grows on the basis of the forced labor of the possession and patrimonial peasants. There is no freedom of contract; the position of factory workers is the same as that of serfs. And only in the 19th century, under the direct influence of the European industrial revolution, did the capitalist factory arise and quickly take over the market, and the labor of a free worker, as more economically profitable, displaces forced labor.

The fall of serfdom had a strong influence on the growth of the manufacturing industry. New branches of production are emerging, the network of railways is expanding, and large factory centers are expanding. Russia, still in the pre-reform era, caught up in the cycle of the world economy, is becoming a completely capitalist country. The phenomena that accompany capitalism in the West are repeated in our country: the age-old connection between the peasant and the land is broken, an independent class of unsecured hired workers is formed, and the former patriarchal nature of relations is replaced by the dominance of “cash”.

There is also a repetition of the phenomenon we noted on previous pages: in parallel with the growth and concentration of large-scale machine production, a whole labor army of women and children is being formed.

Child workers appear at the pre-reform factory very early. The organization of forced labor in the 18th century did not stop at the physical weakness of the child: manufacturers received a profitable privilege by forcibly placing poor children begging for alms on city streets in factories. As a general rule, juveniles met in the 19th century in property factories. Quite often, children were taken to the factories in urgent bondage or were taken in masses from the Orphanage for the most insignificant payment. The reports of these facts refer to the moment when capitalist industry began to rise, machines were introduced, and the demand for labor increased. This phenomenon, similar to the English system of exploitation of "parish children", lasted until the 80s, and was canceled during the inspection of Moscow factories by the factory inspector Yanzhul.

Along with child labor, adolescent labor is very common. Comparing the data for a decade, we find here an absolute increase, relative figures fluctuate here too, but in the end there is no reduction ... Codes of Reports note the predominance of girls among adolescents, and in recent years there has been an undoubted tendency to replace adults with adolescents.

The position of women's labor can be more clearly understood. In the fortress factory of the 18th and 19th centuries, women worked alongside men. And here the government actively intervened in social relations, forcibly placing "guilty women and girls from prisons and prisons" in the factories. The Work Regulations of 1741 gave manufacturers the right to force the daughters and wives of serf artisans to do factory work. Some session factories have a huge number of workers, for example, the Great Yaroslavl Manufactory at the beginning of the 19th century had 1625 men and 2250 women.

The wide participation of women in the factory industry is noted by factory inspectors of the first call. In the enterprises they examined in 1885, there were workers:
male - 333052 people. (68.59%)
female - 152545 people. (31.41%)

Women's labor is increasing absolutely and relatively... What are the reasons for this phenomenon?

Personal observations of the factory inspectorate also lead to the following conclusions: manufacturers prefer to deal with female workers, since they are compliant and demand less pay, a woman is generally more attentive, more industrious and more restrained than a man, she is a calmer, more conservative element.

Out of every 1000 workers there were:

Women:
In tobacco factories: in 1895. - 647 people, in 1904. - 678 people
In match factories: in 1895. - 451 people, in 1904. - 482 people
In breweries: in 1895. - 24 people, in 1904. - 86 people

Children:
In tobacco factories: in 1895. - 91 people, in 1904. - 69 people
In match factories: in 1895. - 105 people, in 1904. -141 people
In breweries: in 1895. - 4 people, in 1904. -14 people

From this it can be seen that the use of female labor has increased in all three industries indicated above, and the labor of children in match factories and breweries. Interestingly, even among juveniles, girls are gradually crowding out boys, because. and here their labor is paid less than that of the latter.

ON THE. Rubakin "Russia in numbers", 1912.

The motives of the manufacturers are completely analogous to those we observe in Western Europe. The social crisis of 1905-1906 only contributed to their awareness and explicit discovery.

In conclusion, let us present data on the distribution of working women by branches of industry. The 1897 summary of data covers all female employees. She shows that in Russia there is also a specific branch of women's labor: domestic service, institutions related to cleanliness and hygiene of the body, tobacco and textile production, clothing manufacturing. Here there is a complete parallelism with Western Europe, which is explained by the commonality of the main reason: a woman conquers a labor sphere that is more in line with her female characteristics. On the one hand, her homeliness developed over centuries, on the other hand, the dexterity and flexibility of her fingers, the weakness of her body, incapable of strong muscle tension. The higher the standard of economic life, the stronger this specialization of labor.

Thus, in Russia we observe a phenomenon that is common to all other capitalist countries: the development of machine production draws huge masses of children and women into the sphere of wage labor, they do not form temporary auxiliary detachments of the working class, but enter the system of economic life as a permanent and important link. without which normal economic development is impossible. A significant part of them is captured by factory production. With the growth of industry, the number of women increases absolutely and relatively, the number of children continues to remain at a high level.

The harmful effects of the factory on women and children

The disastrous influence of the factory system on the workers was felt with terrible force in the initial period of capitalism. The studies carried out in the 19th century by Marx, Engels, Villermé, Bure and others revealed to Western European society a stunning picture of physical and moral degradation, which crowned the sacredly guarded "freedom of contract". Masses of people, torn from the conditions of sustainable existence, accumulated in factory centers in terrifying dirt and crowding, suffering from a lack of air, light, food, dying from epidemics and premature exhaustion, mentally stupid and morally corrupted. Miserable wages, unlimited working hours, and unhealthy working conditions were the usual companions of the worker in this initial era.

In contrast to the peasant farmer, the industrial worker breathes in a poisoned atmosphere, is subjected to sharp fluctuations in temperature, suffers from the roar and clatter of machinery, his work is often stupefyingly monotonous, devoid of any mental content and harmful by a lack of muscular tension. Such conditions cannot but affect the state of the body, and a comparison of data on rural and industrial districts leads to the most sad conclusions. In the country of advanced social legislation, in Switzerland, in military recruitment, the percentage of rejected factory workers far exceeds that of the peasants. In the former, physical development is much lower, bodily deficiencies are much greater. We have similar data for France.

In Russia, with its political and cultural backwardness, factory conditions must act more oppressively than in the West. Sanitary-statistical studies of the Moscow Zemstvo and the first reports of factory inspectors unfolded a depressing picture of working life, later studies supplemented it, but changed little.

In general, even today the Russian worker crowds into cramped dirty barracks or huddles in corners and closets, eats meager and often unhealthy food, works in extremely unsanitary conditions and causes a huge percentage of traumatic injuries. Researchers-physicians, who wrote about factory life on the basis of strictly objective material, sometimes could not stand it and conveyed their personal impressions of the workers with bright strokes. They were struck by early old age and the imprint of eternal fatigue on exhausted, bloodless faces. Next to the expression of real suffering, they met complete apathy, stupid indifference to everything ...

If factory conditions do such harm to mature organisms, then with what destructive force must they influence children!

The child comes to the factory as an undeveloped creature, with weak resistance to external influences: he is more often exposed to diseases, his illnesses more often end in death. The members of his body do not have time to form, do not get stronger and more quickly succumb to the harmful effects of the situation. The child is alien to internal concentration and self-control, and his thoughts and feelings are far from the systematic and intense expenditure of energy. At the factory, the child worker finds himself in conditions that are abnormal for development, which are in sharp contradiction to the elementary requirements of hygiene and pedagogy. Therefore, various reviews about the harmful effects of factory labor on the child's body should not seem unexpected to us.

On the doctors who personally surveyed the factories, child workers have always made a particularly painful impression. The factory inspector Gvozdev, when describing the small factories of his site, contains the following lines: “Here I met juveniles, whose appearance made a terrible impression: you will not find such exhausted wax-colored faces with deeply sunken eyes and completely blue undereyes.”

On women, the harmful influence of the factory is reflected with no less force. Compared with a man, a woman is put in a disadvantageous, difficult position by the distinctive features of her sex. They are, on the one hand, in the physical body of a woman, on the other - in her social position.

A woman is physically weaker than a man ... From this it is clear how dangerous some factory operations are for women (carrying heavy loads, working at stoves, etc.). As a general rule, this factor is taken into account, and women are placed in light work. But in some professions the use of the muscular strength of women is being widely used, the pursuit of cheap and submissive labor forces the manufacturers to push the sphere of female labor beyond the physically permissible limits. This is observed equally in the West and in Russia.

Bondage, exploitation and oppression of female workers was the same as that of men, if not more. It was the woman who worked at the factory with the man who had to find time to take care of the children and do household chores. The length of the working day was not regulated in Russia at the end of the 19th century, and was 17-18 hours, and sometimes reached 20 hours a day.

When studying the status of workers in Russia at the end of the 19th century, it was revealed that the wages of a woman employed in the production of an industrial enterprise were paid by manufacturers at least two times lower than for males. So, for example, the earnings of the workers of the main button production shops of the Joint-Stock Company Beno-Rontaller, that is, men, amounted to 20-25 rubles per month. In the auxiliary workshops, “where women worked predominantly, earnings were 10-12 rubles a month, on their own grubs and with their own apartment. That is, in this case, women still had to rent their own housing and buy food, which was provided to men at the expense of the enterprise.

The gradual introduction of female labor in industry, the use of mechanization, and the reduction of workers in Russia at the end of the 19th century led to the fact that competition arose between a man and a woman. The result of such changes was the use of female labor in those departments of enterprises and in those professions that, by their purpose, are lower paid. Most of the women of the Russian Empire were hired for heavy men's work in metallurgical enterprises, knowing in advance that their wages would be at least 30% less than those of men. Industrialists explained this fact by the fact that women, as a rule, have a “lack of professional training”, which makes their work less productive. However, none of the entrepreneurs was going to deal with such a clear lack of professional training: work experience increased the productivity of workers, while wages remained the same.

I.Yu. Tashbekova
"Women's Labor in Russia at the End of the 19th Century: Historical and Legal Aspect"

Once in the factory, a woman quickly weakens, becoming more accessible to the action of the disease ... The longer the factory work lasted, the more frail the body of the factory worker became.

The Russian factory differs in this respect from the European one in a disadvantageous way: primitive sanitary equipment, the carelessness of the factory administration, the absence of regulatory rules lead to an increase in traumatic injuries in our country. It is interesting to note that the increase in female labor in recent years has brought with it an increase in accidents, both absolutely and relatively.

The largest percentage of factory workers is employed in textile production, which affects the body of workers more harmful than other branches of industry. Comprehensive anthropometric measurements made by Dr. Dementiev revealed the worst physical condition of the textile workers. They are shorter, lightweight, have a smaller absolute and relative chest circumference and have significantly less muscle strength. The reason for such a sharp difference lies in the unfavorable conditions of textile factories: work is done here at a very high temperature and in air spoiled by the breath of a mass of people concentrated in enclosed spaces, muscle tension is negligible, and this lowers the life processes of the worker, work is uninterrupted, automatic and stupefying. monotonous. Added to all this is the harmful effect of dust and gases: the operations of fraying and combing fibers, sorting raw material and soaking silk are especially disastrous, creating fertile ground for the development of lung diseases.

Women's work is very common in tobacco production, the percentage of workers here exceeds the percentage of adult men. Meanwhile, from a sanitary point of view, it is one of the most harmful. Tobacco workshops are saturated with caustic poisonous dust, which settles on the lungs, causing various forms of lung diseases: asthma, chronic bronchitis, tonsillitis, consumption are rampant among the workers. The most terrible, in terms of their consequences, are industries associated with the use of toxic substances - mercury, phosphorus and lead. Here the air is filled with toxic fumes, from which nausea and dizziness begin, and chronic poisoning of the body occurs.

Young girls working in factories, without exception, suffer from anemia, the onset of manhood is delayed in them, and their height and pelvis are smaller than those of peasant girls.

These are the conditions of factory work and their effect on the female body. The factory not only hinders his normal development, but has a destructive effect on him, prematurely bringing to the grave entire generations of factory workers.

The factory inspectorate and the doctors unanimously point out the plight of the pregnant worker. The factory administration sometimes counts those who become pregnant, sometimes limits their work to a certain period, sometimes takes into account the fact of pregnancy and does not place any restrictions on pregnant women. Fearing calculation, a woman hides her pregnancy or resorts to artificial abortion. Necessity drives her to work throughout her pregnancy and leave the factory at the very last moment, sometimes hours before the birth; there are times when a woman is relieved of her burden on the way from the factory or at the factory machine. If a healthy person is adversely affected by continuous standing and sitting position, then the pregnant woman suffers from both in the strongest degree. German inspectors in a special questionnaire on the factory work of married women stated frequent female diseases caused by the work of pregnant women.

Particularly dangerous work associated with muscle tension, with sudden movements and inhalation of toxic substances. The factory poisons not only the woman, it poisons the fetus, which carries the source of rapid decay and death. Scientists Geert and Schuster proved that aniline, lead and mercury from maternal blood pass into the embryonic organs. This fact results in frequent miscarriages and stillbirths. A study by the Paris Medical and Hygienic Society found them in tobacco workers, the same was seen in workers exposed to lead, zinc, mercury and other poisons. A comparison of the data of Dr. Paul and Dr. Fonberg gave reason to Professor Erisman to conclude that a huge number of miscarriages in mothers infected with syphilis is half as common as in women working with lead.

Studies by doctors Dementiev, Pismenny and Veger, carried out at large factories in Russia, led to a similar conclusion: the factory worker, on average, more often miscarries and more often gives birth to dead babies.

But even those born alive continue to feel the oppression of the factory. The mother, out of fear of losing her job, out of a desire to improve the budget, upset by her involuntary unemployment, rather hurries to the factory. Quite often a woman leaves her bed and goes to work before her strength is restored. Work in the postpartum period is no less harmful than the work of pregnant women, and causes the development of acute ailments and long-term chronic suffering.

An increase in infant mortality up to one year with the development of factory industry is observed in almost all countries, and in industrial districts with particular force.

Thus, infant mortality increases in direct proportion to the prevalence of factory work of mothers.

It remains for us to highlight one more point: the influence of the factory on the moral level of a woman, on her sense of honor and consciousness of her own dignity. The atmosphere of cynicism that develops at the factory, as a result of unculturedness and external working conditions, we partly touched upon. Entering the factory, a woman is met with a hail of insults, ranging from "innocent" jokes to acts of outrageous violence. Dirty gestures and importunately vile suggestions haunt her all the time she is in the factory. They come, first of all, from the lower factory administration: foremen and senior apprentices who use the dependence of the worker to exploit her honor. The “courtship” of craftsmen is a generally recognized phenomenon: a number of facts from this area are reported by the factory inspector Gvozdev, members of the trade unions complain about them, they are also revealed from official data.

There were cases when the administrative authorities, under the pressure of mass complaints from the workers, took an official subscription from factory employees, obliging them to stop "improper treatment of women and girls working in factories." In the 90s, such a subscription was taken at one of the Moscow perfume factories by a senior inspector on the instructions of the Governor General.

There are times when workers stand up for the offended, a strike breaks out at the factory. But not infrequently, the factory worker encounters the same rude, defiant attitude from her male comrades. It feeds on the atmosphere of humiliation and lack of rights that reigns in the factory to this day. 30-40 years ago, there were cases when the owners harnessed workers instead of horses to their carriages, when the workers were locked in a burning factory building so that they could better extinguish a fire that broke out. Not far off is the time when the workers, by order of the factory administration, were searched by male watchmen. The system of humiliating searches has not yet disappeared. Beatings, abuse, the rooted system of extortion - are in our time a means of influencing workers on the part of the lower employees of the factory.

A woman who finds herself in such an environment is powerless to protest, the fear of getting paid and the strength of an ingrained custom make her reconcile and adapt. Gradually, it becomes habitually indifferent to the established way of life and is influenced by external conditions.

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In our time of market relations, young people tend to start earning as early as possible in order to stop being financially dependent on their parents. Therefore, it is not surprising that the work of adolescents in various organizations has become commonplace. Nevertheless, the labor activity of this category of workers has its own characteristics. Such nuances will be discussed in the proposed material.

Let's start with the legal basis for the employment of adolescents. Firstly, these are separate provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), in particular, Ch. 42. Secondly, this also includes the "Regulations on the procedure and conditions for voluntary work of students of general education and vocational schools in their free time" dated June 3, 1988 (hereinafter - the Regulations), which is currently used only in part that does not contradict TK RF.

In accordance with clause 1 of the Regulations, with the consent of one of the parents or a person replacing him, students of general education schools, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions who have reached the age of 14 can be hired to perform light work in their free time that does not harm their health and normal development.

This provision is enshrined in Art. 63 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. It is permissible to conclude an employment contract from the age of 16. In cases of receiving basic general education or leaving, in accordance with federal law, a general educational institution, a person who has reached the age of 15 has the right to conclude an employment contract. Art. 63 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation also determines that with the consent of one of the parents (guardian, trustee) or the guardianship and guardianship authority, it is permissible to conclude an employment contract with persons under the age of 14 to work in cinematography organizations, theaters, theater and concert organizations, circuses to participate in the creation and (or) performance of works without prejudice to the health and moral development of such persons.

When applying for a job, the following documents must be provided: a personal statement containing consent for the child to work by one of the parents or a person replacing him; certificate of residence; birth certificate or passport; certificate from a medical institution on the state of health. In addition, it should be borne in mind that, in accordance with Art. 266 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, persons under the age of 18 are hired only after a preliminary medical examination at the expense of the employer. Employment must be formalized by an agreement in writing, in which it is necessary to fully set out the mutual obligations of the parties, including those provided for in Art. 21 and 22 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

An educational institution, in agreement with the local authorities on labor and social issues, independently determines the professions, types of work and jobs in which the employer plans to use the labor of adolescents. When concluding an agreement, the administration of the organization is obliged to familiarize young employees with the nature of work, working conditions, explain their rights and obligations, familiarize them with the internal labor regulations, instruct them in detail on safety, industrial sanitation and other labor protection rules.

Labor relations with underage workers may be terminated in cases provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 77–84). In addition, students have the right to terminate the contract on their own by notifying the administration of the organization in writing three days before termination (clause 9 of the Regulations). A student's work is also terminated if there is a written request from one of the parents or a person replacing him, or on the basis of a medical report on a medical condition that prevents the continuation of work. Upon termination of the contract, the employer is obliged to issue to the student a certificate of work indicating the profession (specialty), qualifications, position and time of work.

Employment books for students do not start. An entry in them about the time of work is entered in the organization where the student will be admitted in the future after graduation. For adolescents who have entered into permanent employment contracts, work books are drawn up in the generally established manner.

The work of students can be considered a mandatory annual practice under the following conditions: for students in grades 8–9 - if the duration of the annual work practice is not less than the time established by the curriculum of a general education school; for students of the 10th grade of general education schools, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions - subject to the content of the work corresponding to the profile of the profession received in the educational institution. During the academic year, the duration of the weekly and daily working time of students cannot exceed: for students aged 16-18 - 18 hours per week and 3.5 hours per day; for students aged 14–16 - 12 hours per week and 2.5 hours per day. The length of working time during the holidays, as well as for persons who have completed (left) training in general educational institutions, in accordance with Art. 92 and 94 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and clause 12 of the Regulations are: for students aged 16–18 years - 36 hours a week and 7 hours a day; for students aged 14-16 - 24 hours a week and 5 hours a day.

In accordance with the current legislation, it is prohibited to use the labor of minors in jobs with harmful and dangerous working conditions. Teenagers cannot be involved in work at night, on weekends, as well as in work beyond the working hours stipulated by the employment contract. According to Art. 265 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, it is forbidden to use the labor of persons under the age of 18 in underground work, in work, the performance of which may harm their health and moral development (gambling, work in night cabarets and clubs, production, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, tobacco products , narcotic and toxic drugs). It is also prohibited for teenagers to carry and move weights that exceed the limits established for them. The list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, during which it is forbidden to use the labor of persons under the age of 18, was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000 No. 163, and the norms of maximum allowable loads - by Decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of April 7, 1999 Year No. 7. The work of adolescents can also be organized on a part-time basis or on a flexible schedule, as well as at home with possible breaks on busy days.

The remuneration of labor of adolescents hired in their free time from study is made in proportion to the time worked or depending on the output. When applying the hourly form of remuneration, earnings are determined as follows: by multiplying the hourly wage rate by the number of hours actually worked. The remuneration of labor of persons from among adolescents who have entered into permanent employment contracts is based on the forms and systems of remuneration adopted in the organization. At the same time, with time wages, wages for employees under the age of 18 are paid taking into account the reduced duration of work. The work of workers under the age of 18 admitted to piece work is paid at the established piece rates. Wage rates and output standards are approved by the employer, taking into account the opinion of the trade union body, or they are established in a collective agreement. The payment of earned funds should be made on a monthly basis within the period established by agreement of the parties or by internal labor regulations (collective agreement).

Along with the remuneration of adolescents, employers are obliged to provide them with the entire range of benefits, guarantees and compensations provided for by labor legislation. In accordance with Art. 267 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, persons under the age of 18 are entitled to annual leave of 31 calendar days. Holidays are paid in proportion to the time worked in a given working year: based on the calculation of the number of vacation days for each month of work, according to the rules for calculating average earnings. These rules are fixed in Art. 139 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and in the "Regulation on the peculiarities of the procedure for calculating the average wage" dated April 11, 2003 No. 213.

If students in the process of labor activity have mastered the knowledge and skills in a given profession or specialty in accordance with the qualification characteristics, then they may be assigned an initial qualification category.

Thus, before hiring underage young people, the employer must familiarize himself with the peculiarities of their employment and work activities. Obtaining such information will not interfere with the adolescents themselves and their parents. We believe that our explanations will help them in this.

Discussion

In the summer, on an Internet, I was looking for a job for my son for a month, such as a courier. found more than 20 acceptable offers. He went to interviews, looked. As a result, there were about 5 suitable places left, if they did not conclude an agreement, then he immediately turned around and left. We've more or less screwed it up. But the medical conclusion was not asked anywhere and never, especially the consent of the parents. Just a passport and that's it. My son was 15 at the time. Earned 3000.00 rubles in 10 days. I bought what I wanted and did not go to work anymore.

Comment on the article "Peculiarities of work of adolescents"

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Discussion

My girls always spoke with enthusiasm about the trainings that were held in the camp

Can parents attend the training? I have a few questions on the topic, I myself would be happy to talk with a specialist

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Work, work, plus we still have a DISABLED CHILD in the family (the younger brother of our teenage son). ... And the older one has a teenage crisis.

Discussion

> "I gave my whole soul, brought up without pampering."
I don't understand this at all. How can you not spoil a child? If it is only to "bang" him, then it is wonderful to wish that he also appreciated it.

> "Thick-skinned, it does not reach him that his mother is a cake, his father is a cake. Work, work, plus we still have a DISABLED CHILD in the family (the younger brother of our teenage son). ..."
Those. the whole pathos of the situation, that you and your husband are breaking into a cake for the sake of the younger, and that the older, not receiving his part of the parental warmth (ideally, equal to the younger) behaves accordingly? After all, you don’t even write that the elder needs to communicate with his parents, write only “even sometimes there is not enough time for cleaning and for strong control of it too”, i.e. if about the elder, then no sentimentality, only "control" and then after cleaning.
In the end, how much to give to the youngest (since you still won’t be able to do it completely and he won’t become healthy) is your choice. You can - as much, you can half as much, and if you hire someone, then the three of us will be enough to "break up". Stop and think about your priorities. If the school of the younger is so important, then they write correctly - it is logical to move to it. How is another question (exchange an apartment or rent out your own and rent there). If you can go to school closer - this is also an option, you can’t grab everything in life. Is it possible at your school to at least sometimes leave the younger one for the night (if not for a five-day week)?

Think about one more thing. Children grow up, parents age. At some point, they need the help of adult children. The younger one is not your support, God forbid, so that he somehow provides for himself (if he can). And the older one (if the current one continues) will leave the house with the thought that no one needs him there, that parents love ONLY the younger one, and so on, will he want to communicate with his parents with such thoughts, will he forgive? And you, probably, still want the elder to help the younger in the future ... Understand, now all your WANTS: whether to clean or not, and whether to take the younger to this distant school, and how much time to devote to each of the children ... And rightly so they write that in a few years the relationship with the elder will not be returned. And you, as follows from the topic, an authoritarian person. Do not believe the confe - talk to a family psychologist.

Maybe not in the topic, but did you think about moving closer to the school (as I understand it, special)? You are in time trouble, and there is little that can be done, except for what is already being done, I think.
And the older teenage crisis. Just a crisis. Much has been said and written about him. The main point of all psychologists is: you just have to wait it out, try to communicate smoothly, invest in the child as much as possible, but do not wait for the results now, they will not; a small person becomes an adult through withdrawal, and this is normal (it’s not always normal without withdrawal :)), he seeks and wins his place in the world of adults, forcing others to reckon with his opinion, desires and even just presence. Adults often want to either kill or expel this new creature that suddenly appeared in the family, and this is also normal.
Sorry if it's long and not quite resonant.

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Discussion

bartender only in the evening, only on Fri and Sat (there are working hours like 21-00 - 4 or 6 am) in a nightclub, etc.
I worked like this in my youth, these days clubs have 2-3-4 times more clients than on ordinary days, so more staff is needed.
Stores (such as "hardware, building materials, Ikea" and so on) usually look for additional staff only on Sat and Sun, because there are more customers on these days.
But if he searches for "to work a little to get a lot," then he will not find anything.

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In a nearby teenage club, these same teenagers are assigned for the summer to clean up the territory and do other intellectual work within the city.

Discussion

My daughter goes to school at the medical institute. In the summer they go to a labor camp in the Kolomna region for 26 days. They work half a day, half a day - half a day of practice and biology classes, in the evening - sports games, entertainment, discos. During the shift, we went on excursions three times - Kolomna, Ryazan, Konstantinovo. We don’t have a dacha and never had it, for my daughter this was a unique opportunity to get acquainted with real agricultural work. It was hard, but she didn’t whine, she wanted to earn money and prove to everyone that she was not a weakling. Living conditions - Spartan (conveniences - in the yard, 9 people in a room, bunk beds). But the food is excellent, five meals a day, after the field everyone was given Borjomi to drink. She earned 8,000 rubles, all of them were issued work books with the entry "auxiliary agricultural worker." The school organizes this together with the Perspektiva center, you can apply there yourself, they will help any teenager in finding a job.

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Discussion

I went through all this with my son. Without going into details, I will say: yes, according to the law, you have the right to organize an individual schedule for your child. And you can force the school to do it. But do you know what will happen next? Then there will definitely be teachers (at least one, for sure) who will consider it "unfair" that your child studies differently than others, you will go crazy, agreeing with them about certification, about how it will take place and when, and under what program, and what needs to be prepared and presented from written works. It will cost both you and the child a lot of nerves (at least it was the case with us, despite the fact that both the class teacher and the school principal were on our side). So if you want to reduce the number of hours a child spends in school, look for a school where this system is officially adopted. We then went to an external school, we were quite satisfied.

Hello! Can a student with a certificate of home study attend a mainstream school for individual study?
(Gladkikh Tatyana Petrovna, 09/14/2009 18:01:30,)

The presence of students in an educational institution in accordance with certain forms of education is regulated by local acts. For example, the regulation on home schooling for students in your school. As far as we know, there are no regulations restricting the right of students to attend an educational institution with home-based education. Moreover, a student studying at home or family form of education has the right, under an agreement with an educational institution, to attend consultations, use the library, and attend educational events. Isolation (non-admission) of students from school is considered as a violation of their right to education (art. also art. 5 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education")

Features of home-based education are regulated by the letter of the Ministry of Public Education of the RSFSR dated 11/14/87 N 17-253-6 "On the individual education of sick children at home" and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07/18/96 N 861 "On approval of the Procedure for the upbringing and education of children with disabilities at at home and in non-state educational institutions.

Letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated February 28, 2003 N 27 / 2643-6 “On methodological recommendations for organizing the activities of educational institutions of home education”.

Sincerely, Elena Bolotova

Features of an employment contract concluded by an employee with an employer - an individual. Modes of work and rest.

Discussion

And the meaning of the contract with the nanny?
To pay an uncle an additional half of the nanny's salary? No, no.

In fact, I am grateful to everyone who participated in the discussion of this issue, because it inspired me to study the legislation in more detail.

As a result, it turned out that the chest opens quite simply :)

It is curious that I remembered this point, but never considered the issue in relation to individuals who pay remuneration to other individuals.

Meanwhile, the provisions of paragraph 4. Article 236 applies to them too.

This means that if payments are made from the funds remaining at the disposal of individuals after the payment of personal income tax (PIT), then such payments are not taken into account as an object of UST taxation.
How:) Discussion

Did you never hide grades from your parents during your school years? So remember: why did you do it and how did you feel about it.

Knowing your child is not only an interesting thing, but sometimes painful too. :) You had your own image of a daughter, she had her own. I am sure that, having delved into your common past, you will definitely find moments of her "cunning" that you did not pay attention to before.
I'm afraid that now you will have to arrange a pretty revision of your parental ideas and strategies for interacting with the child (?).
This is how I see the situation.
For my daughter, quite natural times of active knowledge of social reality have come. She has already "meet" you, studied and YET nothing new from you, she does not have to wait. It has been noticed that the closer children know their parents, the more irreconcilably they reject them in adolescence - they "ate".
She now has a DIFFERENT world in actuality, and with you her task is to somehow comply with the formalities so that they fall behind; solve a momentary problem in the hope that it "will resolve itself" and enjoy the awareness of one's freedom and popularity in that other world. Oh, happiness! - to be like EVERYONE! :)
She is lying to you definitely not out of malice. Studying at this age GENERALLY does not go to any comparison with what is LIFE. (Imagine, for example - you are going to receive the Nobel Prize, and your mother says after you: "Did you forget to put the borscht in the refrigerator so that it does not turn sour?" What would you answer her? :))...

What to do?
I think in many ways Maria is right - we need to divide the problems into yours and hers; determine the areas in which HER needs help and provide this support with the mandatory initiation of a daughter.
Vika is right, in my opinion, too: you need to control regularly (if it was accepted before), but you need to separate study time and free (uncontrolled hard) time. Determine this time together and explain that while you are responsible for her, you have the right to set limits - if she does not have enough willpower to limit herself.
In general - less emotions, more constructive help. Of course, you can cry, but it is better to focus on how not to make your LIFE dependent on the VALUES in HER life.
In a few years, you will again find your child, who will get tired of the problems he creates and inept attempts to solve them. The topic is long, we have already discussed it here.
Or you can look at a good book - "The Psychology of Adolescence and Youth" (Philip Rice). In my opinion, this is the best and most competent manual on all aspects of a maturing personality. And without water. With ready-made recipes there, however, is sparse. But if you understand the essence of children's motives, then build your actions based on the characteristics of YOUR child and YOUR capabilities.
Good luck!

Humanitarian University of Trade Unions

Faculty of conflictology

abstract
in the discipline "Trade Union Movement"

"Child labour"

Completed by: 1st year student
Faculty of Conflictology
1 group
Andreeva Daria Andreevna(1)

Teacher: Loboc. D.V.

Saint Petersburg
2013
Introduction

Child labor remains a major problem in today's world. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), 215 million working children in the world are engaged in work that hinders their development and education, and also deprives them of their livelihood in the future; many of them are involved in the worst forms of child labor that cause irreversible physical or psychological harm or even threaten their lives.
The problem of child labor exists throughout the world, in both industrialized and developing countries. Experience has shown that child labor causes serious, sometimes irreparable damage to the physical and psychosocial development of the child. Children from the most vulnerable social strata, from low-income families or single-parent families, both in rural areas and in cities, are mainly involved in difficult work beyond their age. These children are forced to work in dangerous, harmful conditions in order to earn any kind of income. Moreover, they have limited access to education, health care and sources of income. A vicious circle is emerging: involving children in work worsens their educational prospects, which in turn affects future employment. Ultimately, child labor has a negative impact on the development of human resources and the overall socio-economic development of the country.
Child labor is found in almost all productive and non-manufacturing sectors of the economy, in the urban informal economy, in agriculture, small-scale trade in local markets, and in households. In bazaars, for example, the labor of minors is used, mainly in sorting vegetables and fruits, loading work (the so-called teenagers - "cart workers"), and in rare cases, minors of younger ages can be exploited as "beggars".
In addition, according to the International Labor Organization, there has been an increase in the involvement of children in the field of commercial sexual services (the sale or offer of a child for the purposes of prostitution, pornography or for the production of pornographic materials) and the activities of criminal groups (the use, sale or offer of a child to involve him in illegal activities, especially in the production and trafficking of drugs).

1. What is child labor
concept
Child labor is any work that, due to its conditions or circumstances of its performance, is harmful to the health, physical, mental or moral development of a child, or interferes with education.
Child labor includes both paid and unpaid work and activities that are mentally, physically, socially or morally hazardous or harmful.
Child labor refers to work that is harmful and dangerous to the child and prohibited by international and national legislation. This is work that deprives children of the opportunity to study at school, or forces them, in addition to schoolwork and household chores, to load themselves with additional work performed in other places, work that enslaves them and separates them from the family.
It is necessary to clarify what is not included in the concept of "child labour". The performance of work by children and adolescents that does not affect their health and development, and does not interfere with their education, is generally considered a positive development. These types of work include helping the child to parents around the house or in the family business, earning pocket money after school or during school holidays. All this contributes to the development of the child and the well-being of the family, helps the child to acquire the skills and experience that will be required in the future in order to become a full-fledged member of society.
These activities are not included in the concept of "child labour". Child labor refers to jobs and activities that:
- are mentally, physically, socially or morally endangering or harming children; and
- deprive children of the opportunity to study at school due to the fact that:
- they are unable to go to school;
- they are forced to combine schooling with hard and long work.
In its extreme forms, child labor is the enslavement of children, separating them from their families, endangering their lives and health, and/or forcing them to lead an independent life on the streets of big cities, often from a very early age.
“Child labor” is work that deprives children of childhood, human dignity, the opportunity to develop their potential and harms their physical and mental development.
It is very important to provide children with a decent childhood and help them get a decent job in the future, that is, a job that benefits society and helps a person maintain a decent existence. Engaging children in work that destroys their self-esteem, adversely affects their health, morals and deprives them of the opportunity to receive an education, seriously undermines the economic viability of society and its long-term prospects for development.
Child labor must be seen not only as a cause but also as a consequence of poverty and underdevelopment. Children involved in the worst forms of child labor and without even a basic education are likely to become illiterate, physically and intellectually handicapped adults with little or no way out of the poverty they were born into and unable to contribute development of society as a whole. As well as for themselves, and their children will have very little chance of further development. In today's competitive world, the prosperity of any state fundamentally depends on the quality of its human resources; tolerance for the worst forms of child labor prevents significant investment in human capital, which is the challenge for any future-minded society.
Even if short-term economic benefits could be obtained from the use of child labor, they must be weighed against the background of the long-term losses in the development of the nation that these benefits will entail.

Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL)

All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery:
- sale of children and trade in them;
- debt bondage and serfdom;
- forced or compulsory labor;
- forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflicts;
- using, recruiting or offering children for prostitution;
- production of pornographic pictures;
- participation in pornographic performances;
- using, recruiting or offering children for illegal activities
- for the production and sale of drugs.

Work which, by its nature or the conditions in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children.

THE CONCEPT OF NFDT DOES NOT INCLUDE:
- performance by children and adolescents of work that does not affect their health and development, and does not interfere with education;
- help the child to parents at home or in family business;
- earning pocket money after school or during school holidays in ways and methods that:
- will not harm physical or mental health;
- not related to illegal actions;
- do not take a long time during the day;
- not associated with a danger to life and health, moral principles;
- vocational guidance and work training at school, lyceum and college, college, practice at an enterprise or organization in order to obtain professional skills - all this contributes to the development of the child and the well-being of the family, helps the child to acquire the skills and experience that will be required in the future in order to to become a full member of society.

Reasons for child labor

Children work because their own survival and the survival of their families depends on it, and often because unscrupulous adults take advantage of their weakness and insecurity for their own purposes. Child labor is also associated with the underdevelopment of public education systems, and is rooted in cultural and social beliefs and traditions.
Poverty is by far the main reason forcing children to work. The income received from the work of the child is the most important factor in the survival of the child or his family.
Widespread opinions, as well as local traditions and customs (even if they are well-intentioned) also play an important role. For instance:
the view that work has a positive effect on the formation of the character and development of children's skills;
the tradition of succession, that is, the inheritance by children of the profession of their parents, and in such cases, children at an early age are forced to learn this profession and put into practice the acquired knowledge and skill;
traditions that push poor families to borrow large sums of money to organize holidays and religious ceremonies and rely on the labor of their children to pay off such debts. The phenomenon of serf labor, recognized as one of the worst forms of child labor, is still widespread, mainly due to the vulnerability of poor families to such social pressures;
the widespread belief that girls are less in need of education than boys, leading to them being taken out of school at an early age and forced to do housework or sold into slavery or sex shops.
child labor can be so deeply rooted in local traditions and customs that neither parents nor the children themselves realize that child labor is contrary to the interests of the children themselves and is illegal;
children from large families are more likely to be employed than children from small families, since the parents' income is not enough to support a large family.
The availability and quality of school education is among the most important factors:
many communities lack the necessary conditions for schooling;
even where schools exist, education is often not seen by either children or their parents as a viable alternative to work. Many families simply cannot afford to send their children to school. Even if schooling is free, the family bears the cost of lost earnings because the child goes to school and not to work;
education provided in schools is often of poor quality and/or seen by parents and children themselves as not appropriate to local needs and conditions;
it is not surprising, then, that school attendance by children is often simply considered useless;
the prevailing opinion is that a girl will be better prepared for adulthood if she works rather than studies;
as a result of the factors described above, a huge number of children enter the unskilled labor market early. Often they are illiterate and remain so throughout their lives; they also lack the basic education that could help them develop the necessary skills and enable them to live and work with dignity in the future.
Families themselves are also a very important factor. A huge number of children work unpaid in family businesses (on farms, in the private sector, etc.), which are completely dependent on the work of family members. Many national laws and regulations, as well as international standards such as ILO Convention No. 138, allow exceptions in such cases. However, even when working in family businesses, children's health and safety can be at serious risk.
At the same time, the definition of the problem should begin with recognizing its complexity and versatility. Legislators and authorities should avoid simplistic explanations of the causes of child labour.
For instance:
there is a widespread belief that nothing can be done to combat child labor – child labor is the result and manifestation of poverty and can only be eradicated after poverty itself has been eradicated;
according to another prevailing belief, child labor exists only because of unscrupulous adults exploiting children for quick profits and dishonestly earned competitive advantage. The only thing that needs to be done, according to this belief, is to bring the perpetrators to justice and send the children back to school, where they belong.
The early elimination of the worst forms of child labor should be based on legislation that proclaims the complete elimination of child labor as the ultimate goal of public policy, and unambiguously defines and prohibits the worst forms of child labor as a matter of priority. Such legislation should also provide for adequate sanctions against perpetrators and adequate compensation for victims of violations, and such legislation should be strictly and impartially applied.
The combination of these reasons leads to the fact that even where child labor is declared illegal, it continues to exist and is perceived as a natural phenomenon, and it is usually invisible to an outside observer. Often child labor is surrounded by a wall of silence, indifference and social apathy. But that wall is already starting to crumble. The process of globalization and the development of modern means of communication have made the suffering of working children one of the main issues on the agenda of the world community.
The ever-growing concern of the international community with the problem of child labor, expressed in various events, was the result of the following:
Trends in the liberalization of the flow of trade and capital. Demands for the prohibition of the use of child labor in the struggle for a place in the world market have become louder and louder.
Greater transparency in the global economy and the abolition of associations of states after the end of the Cold War.
Refusal of consumers to buy goods, if in their production, in particular, child labor was used; and
Making public the facts of the commercial sexual exploitation of children, and especially the involvement of children in prostitution, pornography and sex tourism.
In turn, this has led to a better understanding of the causes of child labour; the realization that the main causes are poverty, lack of education or its low level, as well as socio-cultural structure and traditions. Child labor cannot be eradicated by passing a law. This is a goal that will take time to achieve. However, there are certain types of child labor that must be eliminated immediately.
Thus, it was decided in the 1990s that the worst forms of child labor were a priority and that they should be eliminated as soon as possible through the development and implementation of agreed programs of action at the national and international levels.

Employers using child labor.

This fact is most often explained by the fact that, in comparison with adults, child labor is much cheaper and, in addition, it is often stated that children can physically perform some types of work better than adults. Some industries, employers say, depend entirely on child labor. Such arguments are of particular concern, because the process of globalization, as well as increased competition in the world market for certain products, will further increase the scope of child labor and worsen the situation in this area. At the same time, if these arguments are accepted, globalization will increase the risk of exploitation of children as their employers seek to gain a competitive advantage in global markets. How reliable are these arguments?
The results of serious research prove that child labor is not indispensable for the development and viability of any existing industry.
Studies of individual enterprises employing large numbers of children have raised serious doubts about the credibility of the argument that children are physically better suited for certain types of work. Almost all types of work carried out by children are also successfully performed by adults. Even in the hand weaving of carpets - an occupation in which child labor is considered indispensable - it has been found that children are no more skilled than adults, and the most skillfully made carpets were woven by adult women.
In the course of studies carried out on carpet and decoration factories in India, it was also found that, as a component of the final price of carpets or decorations exported to the customer, the savings in labor costs achieved through the use of child labor are extremely small. Manufacturers could either attribute the additional costs incurred by hiring only adults to operating costs, or offset them by raising the price of products without compromising the viability of their businesses.
If the above argument fails in industries that have traditionally relied heavily on child labor, such as carpet making, what economic justification can be found for using child labor in any other industry?
Thus, it turns out that the main reason for the use of child labor is not at all related to economic efficiency. Children are easier to manage than adults - although they have less skills, they are less aware of their rights, cause less trouble, complain less and are more adaptable - and, in the end, they are the easiest to sacrifice in case of any difficulties.
For many employers, children represent a pool of irregular workforce that can be hired and fired at will. If children's work is illegal, neither they nor their parents are likely to complain to the authorities for fear of losing even the meager income that children bring to their families. In addition, some employers sincerely believe that they are doing a service to the children they employ by giving them the opportunity to work and earn a salary. Thus, making child labor illegal may in some cases have the opposite effect of depriving working children of much of the protection afforded to adults through labor laws. This further reinforces the idea that simply banning child labor will not bring positive results. Simple prohibitions on child labor do not succeed unless they are accompanied by a range of other measures.

Analysis of the situation in Moscow.
The main argument, according to some employers, in favor of child labor is the fact that children begin to appreciate money, because they get it with their own labor. Children receive their own income not from begging or stealing, but from their work, and this is the main thing - more than two-thirds of the surveyed employers (69.1%) think so. Thus, employers say, industriousness is instilled, children are taught to work, and not to sit back (45.7%). In addition, they are constantly under the supervision of adults, which is also important. The last argument is given by a third of the surveyed employers (34.6%).
Thus, in some cases, one of the reasons for the existence of child labor is the coincidence of interests of both working children and employers. Children receive the means of subsistence they need, and the employer - cheap labor, and in addition to this, moral satisfaction from the fact that they were helped by needy children.

2. Slavery and exploitation of children in the world.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that about 250 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are forced to work in developing countries alone. Of these, 153 million live in Asia, 80 million in Africa and 17 million in Latin America. Many of them work in conditions that are dangerous for their physical, spiritual and emotional development.
With the help of child and slave labor, about 120 types of goods are produced in the world. The victims of this industry are at least 12 million people from 59 countries. About 352 million children in the world aged 5 to 17 work. Such data are contained in the report of the International Labor Organization (ILO) "A future without child labor". According to the ILO, about 246 million children are engaged in work activities that should be excluded. Of these, about 179 million are involved in the worst forms of child labor, including slavery, prostitution and pornography, participation in armed conflicts, as well as work in mines, agriculture, and construction. According to the government of the Russian Federation, up to 1 million children work in Russia. Of these, according to the ILO, 50 thousand - in Moscow, 16 thousand - in St. Petersburg. Child prostitution in Moscow has reached alarming proportions: in this business, according to experts, there are more than 50,000 children whose age ranges from 3 (!!!) to 14 years. As of 2008, child prostitution is flourishing in Dagestan.
Child prostitution is rampant in Ukraine, and child trafficking is a huge problem and a harsh reality. Such conclusions were made public in his report according to the results of the tour of Ukraine in the last days of October 2006 by the UN Special Rapporteur on the issue of trafficking in children.
In Kyrgyzstan, IWPR in 2004 found a network of brothels and child prostitution on the streets.
The Czech authorities stated in 2001 that child prostitution exists in the Czech Republic.
Child slave labor in China. Identified in 2007 in illegal coal mines and brick factories in Shanxi province. Children get there in different ways: they are kidnapped, sold, lured by deceit. They are forced to work 18-19 hours a day. The age of children is 8-13 years.
Côte d'Ivoire is the main producer of cocoa beans in the world. According to a number of international human rights groups, slave labor of children is used on the plantations there. Specifically, Cargill Inc. Child labor is prohibited at Cargill - the official working age is 18. However, this law is ignored. The chocolate industry, governments and civil rights organizations have launched an international campaign to address the problem, but child labor continues to be exploited. Big companies like Cargill don't own plantations, so they don't officially hire workers. They just buy cocoa beans from the workers. And yet, human rights activists say it is the responsibility of these companies to improve working conditions. Fair trade chocolate is produced without the use of slave labor.
Nike Corporation use child slave labor.
Monsanto uses child labor, according to the International Labor Rights Fund. In India alone, more than 12,000 children work on cotton plantations owned by Monsanto and other multinational agricultural corporations. Many children have died or become seriously ill as a result of exposure to pesticides. Monsanto's annual profit is $5.4 billion.
Nestle is accused of using child labor, violating workers' rights, aggressively promoting unhealthy products, and violating health and environmental laws. It is in the production of chocolate that child labor is most often used. More than 40% of cocoa beans grow in the Ivory Coast (Africa), according to the US State Department, in this country about 109 thousand children work on cocoa plantations in terrible conditions. Cocoa farms have been voted the worst form of child labor in the world. In 2001, Save the Children Canada reported that 15,000 children between the ages of 9 and 12 (many of them starving children from Mali) were fraudulently taken or sold into slavery for as little as $30 of cocoa. farms in West Africa. Last summer, the International Labor Rights Foundation filed a lawsuit against Nestle and several of its suppliers on behalf of former child slaves who worked for these companies.
Child labor in Uzbekistan. Every autumn, children in Uzbekistan are forced to work in the cotton harvest for little pay. German companies are among those profiting from this kind of human rights abuse. Stadtlander aids and incites human rights violations. The good relations of Stadtlander with Uzbekistan are fully in line with the policy of the German government. The New Partnership connects Germany with President Karimov, and German soldiers are sent to Afghanistan from a German military base in Uzbekistan. German banks also profit from the cotton trade. One is the partially state-owned Commerzbank, which has an office in Tashkent. The bank has been involved in financing cotton deals for European clients in Uzbekistan "for many years." Deutsche Bank also finances agreements with Uzbekistan. Distributors like C&A and Wal-Mart are currently trying to avoid clothing that contains cotton from Uzbekistan. But it is difficult to trace the path of Uzbek cotton, which is mixed with cotton from other countries by dealers. In 2010, the British Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) released a report on the practice of large-scale use of forced child labor in Uzbekistan called "Slave Nation". The cotton industry in Uzbekistan, according to an EJF expert, is a modern form of slavery, the scale of which cannot even be compared with what is happening in other closed and repressive countries similar to Uzbekistan.
In Kazakhstan, schoolchildren are illegally forced to pick cotton instead of studying. Adults pay pennies for child labor, absolutely not caring about their safety.

The problems that are the causes of child exploitation include:

Changes in the system of values ​​in society (priority of money and material values);
Problems in the education system (lack of funding, reduced control over school attendance, reduced access to education);
Absence of children's state children's organizations and institutions (pioneer, scout movement);
Reduced state control over the implementation of laws to prohibit child labor and protect children;
Economic necessity forcing vulnerable families to use child labor.
Many children are involved in the worst forms of child labor because they do not have the opportunity to receive a quality education. Thus, the very absence of alternatives to the worst forms of child labor is the cause of child labour.
The traditional distribution of gender roles leads to the fact that often girls do not have the opportunity to get an education. Such girls are particularly at risk of falling into the ranks of child laborers. Finally, the destruction of traditional social structures that provided protection for children is also one of the factors that force children to seek work in the struggle for survival.
As a rule, the causes of child labor are more related to socio-economic problems in the countryside and in agriculture. In addition, the specifics of the industry - the widespread use of manual and low-skilled labor - makes it possible to use the labor of children.
Some employers find it beneficial to use child labor. Children are recruited in conditions of high adult unemployment as a cheaper and more obedient workforce. Underdeveloped labor markets also make it profitable for land-owning parents to use their children as unpaid labor.

3. International Program for the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC)

International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor - IPEC (IPEC, International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor) was founded in 1992 to coordinate the activities of the ILO in the fight against child labor. The German government became the first sponsor of this program, which initially involved six states. Today, IPEC supports the implementation of the program in more than 80 countries, and works in several directions, namely:
implements programs in various countries aimed at implementing reforms and taking concrete measures to eliminate child labour;
conducts international and national campaigns aimed at changing public opinion and persuading the need for ratification and implementation of ILO Conventions;
conducts in-depth research, legal expertise, development of strategies and evaluation of programs carried out in this area at the regional and international levels.
Political will
etc.................

Causes

Child labor can be seen as a consequence of poverty and the underdevelopment of society. One of the main reasons for forcing children to work is that the survival of their families and their own depends on it. An important role is played by the will of adults who can use the insecurity of children for their own purposes. Social and cultural traditions also play a role, for example:

• the view that work contributes to the formation of the character and development of children's skills
• tradition of profession succession
• the belief that girls are less in need of education than boys due to their traditional role as housewives

The above traditions may be so strong that both children and their parents may not realize that child labor is illegal and contrary to the interests of the children themselves.

Story

In almost all countries of the world throughout history, the children of peasants, slaves, and then artisans helped their parents. Most likely, able-bodied children helped even in primitive societies. In medieval Europe, children, learning from free artisans, and then from guilds, helped them.

Child labor in the world

The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that about 250 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are forced to work in developing countries alone. Of these, 153 million live in Asia, 80 million in Africa and 17 million in Latin America. "Many of them work in conditions that are dangerous for their physical, spiritual and emotional development."

Notes

Links

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See what "Child labor" is in other dictionaries:

The labor of children, i.e., persons who have not reached working age. According to the International Labor Organization, in 1990s working children under the age of 15 in developing countries was approx. 80 million people (including approx. 59% of boys and 41% ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Child labour- (child labour), hired many hours of work of children who have not reached working age. Before the Industrial Revolution, children were often forced to work from an early age, but by 1800, the use of D.T. in dirty and dangerous work on ... ... The World History

Wage labor of minors, i.e., persons who have not reached the age of working capacity. During the period of the establishment of the capitalist mode of production, the use of hired labor of children (starting from the age of 5-6) became commonplace. Speaking... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The labor of children, that is, persons who have not reached working age. According to the International Labor Organization, in the early 1990s. there were about 80 million working children under the age of 15 in developing countries (59% of boys and 41% of girls) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Child labour- (child labour), work performed by children, often under duress, in violation of the national. and international norms; gives life to children and brings profit to those who exploit them. Most working children, some of them are only 4 years old, ... ... Peoples and cultures

Child labour- Any work done by a child which is detrimental to his health, education, physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development... International Migration Law: Glossary of Terms

"CHILD LABOR AND RECREATION"- in Russia, society will educate out-of-school culturally. work with children and adolescents in Moscow. Organized in 1909 by S. T. Shatsky and a group of teachers instead of the Settlement, which had been closed by tsarist law. Ob in continued and deepened the work of the kindergarten, the club ... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Child labor and recreation- a society for educational work with children, organized by S.T. Shatsky in 1909 19, Moscow. The Settlement society continued its activity by including its educational institutions (kindergarten, club, school). Collaborate in society... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

Pay child labor!- Request a demand to pay for the service, work performed ... Dictionary of folk phraseology

WORK- LABOR. Contents: General statement of the problem ........... 881 Rationalization of labor ...................... 893 Working hours .................. .......901 Women's labor....................911 Underage labor..............9? in Labor protection and legislation on ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Books

• Children's advice. Guidelines for teachers, L. V. Sivirskaya. At the children's council, sitting comfortably, the kids, together with the teacher, discuss the news and decide what interesting business they will do today. Everyone is heard, every idea is taken seriously and more often...