Pet breeds derived by man lately. Dog: All you wanted to know about the "friend of a person

Animal world is diverse. All currently existing modern types of farm animals occurred from wild ancestors.

Cattle. For its origin, cattle is divided into two kinds: fast and buffaloes. Father, in their own accord, divided into four types: Actively horned cattle, Indian padded bulls (Bangong, Gaur, Gayal), Yaki and Bison. Most of these animals are found in both wild and domesticated form.

The wild ancestor of cattle is a tour (Fig. 2), which was distributed mainly in Europe.

This is a very large, powerful animal with highly developed horns, large limbs, the mastery of black and brown. Weight tour 800-1200 kg. Tour Symemer, the last female of the tour fell in Poland in 1627. Scientists distinguish three types of tour: European, which is the ancestor of cattle breeds of Europe, Asian, from which the threshold of cattle of Asia occurred

and African. From the nearest relatives of cattle, buffaloes, zebu, yaki have the best economic importance. The ancestor of buffalo scientists consider the ancient Indian buffalo - Arni, a ancestor of zebu-prominent cattle - one of the types of Bantonga. From Indian Lobast Bull Bangton, there was homemade Balinese cattle, from Gaurov - cattle called Gayaly (domesticated form of Gaura).

Horses. The family of horsepins consists of four clans: donkeys, half agency, zebras and horses. The ancestor of modern horses is the wild horse of Przhevalsky, which was discovered by Russian scientists in the eastern desert Gobi. Currently, this horse is found in Mongolia. Height in the withers 124-130 cm; Torch is short, wide; neck thick; skull massive; It has five lumbar vertebrae and chestnuts on the limbs (Fig. 3). Przhevalsky's horse is well crossed with a home horse. Its similarity with the horses of a forest type and even donom allowed the scientist to see in it one of the main forms of the wild horse. The second wild ancestor of modern horses is considered to be Tarpan, who dwells in the south-east of Russia. It is considered as a height of the steppe horses.

Fig. 3 Przhevalsky horse

Sheeps. The study of the origin of the sheep is very difficult due to the remoteness of the taming of their and many wild ancestors. The ancestors of home sheep are considered mouflon, argali (variety - Arkhar), Arkar, who are now found in the wild. The mouflon is the smallest shape of wild sheep, lives on the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea (Corsica, Sardinia). The mouflon is the ancestor of northern short-tailed sheep (Fig. 4). Wild ancestor of Kurdnyh Sheep - Mountain Baran - Argali. Long-type and fatty sheeps occurred from Arkara - the inhabitant of steppes of Central Asia. African Grivist Baran - Survicator of Grivist Sheep Africa.

The home sheep and the mouflon have the same set of chromosomes - 54, Argali and Arhara - 56. All wild rams when crossing with homemade

PTRC. 4 Asian mouflon

sheep gives a prolific offspring, which indicates their close biological relationship. M. F. Ivanov, crossing mouflons with homemade thin sheep, brought a new type of sheep, called Mountain Merino. Argrahs were used to cross the merino. As a result of such a crossing and further tribal work, a breed of fine-dimensional sheep - Arharomeryosos was created.

Goats. The origin is mixed. The wild ancestors of the modern goats consider the Caucasus Caucasus and the Himalayan Goggle Goat - Merkula.

Pig. There are three wild ancestors of contemporary pigs: European wild boar who has begun to be the beginning of European, English long, and short-quid pigs; Asian wild boar - ancestor of indigenous rocks of Asian pigs. Mediterranean wild boar is considered the progenitor of the rocks of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Neapolitan, Italian).

Other types of animals. The ancestor of the home reindeer is the wild reindeer. Camels occurred from wild dugorbles and single-burnt camels-Bactrians and Dromaders. Homemade rabbits come from a wild earthy rabbit. Wild rabbits live in North Africa, Australia, Southern Europe. Homemade chickens occurred from wild bankers domesticated in India. Homemade ducks - from wild crackling and muscular ducks, homemade geese - from wild gray geese.

Modern systematics divides the animal world for eight zoological types. Pets belonging to the type of chords belong to the vertebral subtype, which has six classes (round, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals).

The domestication process covered only two highly organized class (birds and mammals). From the class of fish domesticated the descendant of wild sazana - carp, and from the subtype of invertebrates insects - a bee, a silkworm. Most pets are agricultural animals.

Agricultural domestic animals are called, the breeding of which is a branch of agricultural production, aimed at obtaining a particular type of product from them.

Cattle by origin is divided into two kinds: fast and buffaloes. Four types are divided into four types: Activated cattle, Indian tubes (Bands, Gaura, Gayaly), Yaki, Bison. Activated cattle is the most numerous group of farm animals.

The wild ancestor of cattle, scientists consider the tour (adj. 1), which was distributed in Europe, sometimes met in Siberia, China, Syria, North Africa, Palestine. Tour lived in deaf swampy places and in the steppes. The last female of the tour fell in Poland in 1627. The tour is a very large animal, the height in the withers reached up to 1200 m, with a narrow long skull, with a pronounced sexual dimorphism. The interrogation of him was direct, sometimes slightly convex. The frontal and occipital bones formed a sharp angle. Eye depressions were not issued. The horns were strongly developed. Taste black and brown. In ancient literary sources, the tour is described as an animal strong, bold and fast in movements.

The buffalo (ad. 2) is domesticated in India in ancient times, distributed in the Caucasus, is an ancient and remote rhodium of home cattle. The largest of modern bulls, live weight - 1000 kg. Height in the withers - up to 1.8 m with a body length of 3-3.4 m. Buffaloes (Asian and African) on the structure of the skull are close to antilopams and, like them, come from the genus Eaotragus from the lower (to medium) Miocene of Europe and Central Africa.

Indian padded bulls - Bands, Gaures and Gayala. Bangong with a very narrow range is domesticated on the Malay archipelago and gave rise to a cattle of the island of Bali, Gaur is used in some places in a semi-age state. The domesticated form of Gaura is considered to be Gayal (adj. 3).

The special form of Bykov-zebu (ad. 4) is from the same trees as the usual reckless cattle. Divorce in South and Central Asia, in Africa and Azerbaijan, when crossing with a cattle, it gives a prolific offspring.

The characteristic feature of Zebu is the presence of Holly Holly Holly, muscular-fat education, which reaches 8 kg. Gorb plays an important role in the life of the body and serves a kind of depot of nutrients. Zeba has good meat quality, high fatty milk.

Yak Mongolian (ad. 5) is an alpine animal, his homeland is Tibet. It is found in the wild and domesticated state. For Yak, the strong development of the cozular process in the field of withers is characterized, which is why the height in the withers is much higher than height in the sacrum. Large head with long smooth horns walking on the sides, forward and up. Neck short. The ears are small, the wool is thick and long with a fringe, descending from the sides and hips below the belly, dark brown and black; On the face and along the back (belt) - gray. The tail resembles more horseply than cow, white. The area of \u200b\u200bYakov is determined by the mountains and the plateales of Tibet and Mongolia. Females for lactation give from 300 to 1000 kg of milk with fat content of 6-8%.

Ovseby (musky bull) (ad. 6). It is believed to the subfamily of goat-like, to the form inhabiting the north of Greenland and the mainland tundras of Canada. The shebities adapted well to the conditions of the extreme north, poor feeding, give valuable down products, skin and meat. Used for hybridization. In our country, shebities are bred on the Taimyr and the island of Wrangel.

Sheep were domesticated for 6-7 thousand years ago BC. The ancestors of the sheep are the rams, which are now found in a wild form: Muflons, Arcaras and Argali.

Horses. The family of horsepins consists of four births: donkeys, semi-axles, zebras and actually horses. Only two types are domesticated: horse and donkey.

The wild ancestor of horses is Przhevalsky's horse (adj. 7). She discovered in 1879 Russian scientist N.M. Przhevalsky in Asia (Gobi Desert). Currently meets in Mongolia. This horse has low growth (120-130 cm), a short torso, a rude head without bangs, with short ears, legs thin with chestnuts. The stallion is 340-350 days. Przhevalsky's horse is crossped with a home horse, fertime hybrids.

Tarpan is considered the second wild ancestor of horses (ad. 8), which completely disappeared in the XIX century. He is a height of a steppe horses. He dwells in South Russian steppes, entering the north and west to the forest-steppe.

They are not high growth, height in withers to 135 cm, with a massive head and wide forehead, mice, with a black strap on the back.

Donkeys - small animals, height in the withers about 120 cm. They exist in a wild and domesticated state. Wild are found only in Africa. The donkeys are used as a working and transport animal and are common in Europe and Asia, they are well crossed with a horse. The rats from the mare and donkey are called a muzzle, and from the donkey and stallion - a husky.

Pig. Foci of domestication of pigs - Asia, Europe, Mediterranean. There are three wild ancestors of pig breeds: European, East Asian and Mediterranean wild boar (adj. 9). European - reaches 350 kg, height in withers 90-100 cm, skull long, straight profile. Mediterranean wild boar is considered the progenitor of the rocks of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Chickens. The density of the home chicken is a wild banquer (ad. 10). Domaining chickens occurred in 1400-1200 BC. in India. Miscellaneous coloring. Weigh chick 0.50-0.75 kg, roosters 0.90-1.25 kg. There are egg stands, meat communal and fibergian breeds of chickens.

Turkey (adj. 11). Refer to the Pheasan family. Their homeland, moderate zone of North America. They were tamed and domesticated with ancient, now extinct peoples of Mexico. Wild turkey rather large slender birds at high legs. The head is small, without feathers, the neck is long, the operebe varied with a metal glitter. In Europe, they were brought around 1530. Used to obtain meat (live weight reaches 16 kg or more).

Goose homemade has occurred from two wild species - gray goose and dry shockonos (Chinese goose) (adj. 12). The earliest information about the domestic geese was found in ancient Egypt.

Homemade duck. Wild ancestor of her Krakawa (adj. 13). Domesticated in Greece (I century BC). From one duck you can get up to 70 ducklings per year. Wild duck nests on swamps and fine water bodies.

Fish. In modern fauna there are about 20 thousand species of fish, 90% of them relate to the bobes sublit. The object of pond fish farming is the representatives of the most extensive among the fish of the Karpov family.

Of those fish that can be considered domesticated and accordingly, the Carp, presented by several breeds, is most important, presented by several breeds is quite adapted for breeding in ponds. The domesticated fish also includes crucian, golden yase, or Orphas, and some others.

Insects. It is possible to consider tute and oak silkers belonging to the detachment of scraping, and a honey bee involved in the culture. Silkworms are bred to produce natural silk. The silk thread is a protein substance - fibroin, highlighted by special glands of silkwood caterpillars and solidified in air.

Upon completion of the growth of the caterpillar of the silkproke, they make a cocoon from this thread, in which they and pumped (Appendix 14.). The filament of the cocoon is separated and twisted into the silk yarn on the silk-cool factories.

Another useful insect involved in the agricultural culture is a honey bee among the 70 thousand species of bees, bumblebees, OS, riders, ants and some others, is part of the refincolor detachment. Wild bees live in the wrappers of trees, crevices of rocks, and home contains modern designs. Break them for the sake of obtaining honey, wax and other specific products.

Scientific basis for studying the origin of agricultural animals by comparing modern breeds with more ancient rocks and with similar wild forms (on the physique, structure of internal organs, behavior, etc.) was laid by Ch. Darwin. In con. 19 - Nach. 20 centuries. Studies of Russian scientists appeared on the origin of agricultural animals (A. F. Middendorf, E. A. Bogdanov, A. A. Brown, P. N. Kuleshov, M. F. Ivanov, V. I. Gromova, S. N . Bogolyubsky, etc.)
All types of pets occurred from wild ancestors, some of which have already extinct. In the excavations of the settlements of people who lived in ancient times, for many millennia BC, dice were found, drawings on the walls of ancient dwellings, on the dishes, utensils depicting wild animals and their taming. The tamed animals gave offspring, which grew near a person and enjoyed his patronage. The tornness of animals contributed to the hunger who drove them to human housing, where it was possible to find food.

Man, noticing that the tamed animals benefit, sought to breed them, moving from taming to the domestication. First, domesticated animals served to people with a source of meat food. Later they became loyal assistants of a person

There are two concepts: home and tamed animals. Domestic call animals that give products (meat, milk, wool, eggs, etc.) and multiply in captivity under human control. Unlike them, tamed animals in captivity do not multiply, for example, Indian elephants. The impact of man on these animals was not so strong and long. The domestication of the tamed animals was made gradually, under the influence of new living conditions created for them, by selecting individuals with useful signs and reproduction of their offspring. Pets are sharply different from their wild progenitors, the physique has changed, the muscle structure, coats and skin, they became such thanks to the huge work, which invested the person who improved their signs and properties in the direction he needs. Their relationship with wild species is found not only in the similarity of external forms and inner structure, but also in the ability to give a prolific offspring when pairing

It is believed that the domestication of animals occurred in different parts of the world not at the same time.

Wild ancestors and pets

Modern systematics divides the animal world for eight zoological types. Pets belonging to the type of chords belong to the vertebral subtype, which has six classes (round, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals).

The domestication process covered only two highly organized class (birds and mammals). A descendant of wild sazana is domesticated from the fish class - carp, and from the subtype of invertebrates insects - a bee, a silkworm and a koshennell. Most pets are agricultural animals

Agricultural domestic animals are called, the breeding of which is a branch of agricultural production, aimed at obtaining a particular type of product from them.

Cattle by origin is divided into two kinds: fast (BOS) and buffalo (Bubalis Dadelus). Four types are divided into four types: actually cattle (Bos Taurus), Indian tubes (Bands, Gaura, Gayaly), Yaki, Bison. Activated cattle is the most numerous group of farm animals.

The wild ancestor of cattle scientists consider the tour, which was distributed in Europe, sometimes met in Siberia, China, Syria, North Africa, Palestine. Tour lived in deaf swampy places and in the steppes. The last female of the tour fell in Poland in 1627. The tour is a very large animal, the height in the withers reached up to 1200 kg, with a narrow long skull, with a pronounced sexual dimorphism. The interrogation of him was direct, sometimes slightly convex. The frontal and occipital bones formed a sharp angle. Eye depressions were not issued. The horns were strongly developed. Taste black and brown. In ancient literary sources, the tour is described as an animal strong, bold and fast in movements.

A buffalo from the genus Bubalis in ancient times is domesticated in India, distributed in the Caucasus, is an ancient and remote rhodium of home-made cattle. The largest of modern bulls, live weight - 1000 kg. Height in the withers - up to 1.8 m with a body length of 3-3.4 m. Buffaloes (Asian and African) on the structure of the skull are close to antilopams and, like them, come from the genus Eaotragus from the lower (to medium) Miocene of Europe and Central Africa

Indian padded bulls - Bands, Gaures and Gayala. Bangong with a very narrow range is domesticated on the Malay archipelago and gave rise to a cattle of the island of Bali, Gaur is used in some places in a semi-age state. The domesticated form of Gaura is considered to be Gayal.

The special form of the Zebu Bulls is from the same trees as the usual reckless cattle. Divorced in South and Central Asia, in Africa and Azerbaijan, when crossing with cattle, gives a prolific offspring

The characteristic feature of Zebu is the presence of Holly Holly Holly, muscular-fat education, which reaches 8 kg. Gorb plays an important role in the life of the body and serves a kind of depot of nutrients. Zeba has good meat quality, high fatty milk.

Yak Mongolian (Bos PoEphagus) is a high-mountainous animal, his homeland is Tibet. It is found in the wild and domesticated state. For Yak, the strong development of the cozular process in the field of withers is characterized, which is why the height in the withers is much higher than height in the sacrum. Large head with long smooth horns walking on the sides, forward and up. Neck short. The ears are small, the wool is thick and long with a fringe, descending from the sides and hips below the belly, dark brown and black; On the face and along the back (belt) - gray. The tail resembles more horseply than cow, white. The area of \u200b\u200bYakov is determined by the mountains and the plateales of Tibet and Mongolia. Females for lactation give from 300 to 1000 kg of milk with fat content of 6-8%.

Oveseby (musky bull). It is believed to the subfamily of goat-like, to the form inhabiting the north of Greenland and the mainland tundras of Canada. The shebities adapted well to the conditions of the extreme north, poor feeding, give valuable down products, skin and meat. Used for hybridization. In our country, shebities are bred on the Taimyr and the island of Wrangel.

Sheep (Ovis Aries) were domesticated for 6-7 thousand years ago BC. The ancestors of the sheep are the rams, which are now found in a wild form: Muflons, Arcaras and Argali.

Horses (Egidas). The family of horsepins consists of four births: donkeys, semi-axles, zebras and actually horses. Only two types are domesticated: horse and donkey

The wild ancestor of horses is Przhevalsky's horse. It was discovered in 1879 Russian scientist N. M. Przhevalsky in Asia (Gobi Desert). Currently meets in Mongolia. This horse has low growth (120-130 cm), a short torso, a rude head without bangs, with short ears, legs thin with chestnuts. The stallion is 340-350 days. Przhevalsky's horse is crossped with a home horse, fertime hybrids.

The second wild ancestor of horses is Tarpan, which completely disappeared in the XIX century. He is a height of a steppe horses. He dwells in South Russian steppes, entering the north and west to the forest-steppe.

They are not high growth, height in withers to 135 cm, with a massive head and wide forehead, mice, with a black strap on the back.

The donkeys (Eguus Asinus) are small animals, the height in the withers is about 120 cm. They exist in a wild and domesticated state. Wild are found only in Africa. The donkeys are used as a working and transport animal and are common in Europe and Asia, they are well crossed with a horse. The rats from the mare and donkey are called a muzzle, and from the donkey and stallion - a husky.

Pigs (Sus Scrofa Ferus). Foci of domestication of pigs - Asia, Europe, Mediterranean. There are three wild ancestors of pig breeds: European, East Asian and Mediterranean wild boar. European

it reaches 350 kg, the height in the withers is 90-100 cm, the skull is long, the profile is straight. Mediterranean wild boar is considered the progenitor of the rocks of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Chickens. The twin-bar of homemade chicken is a wild banquet. Domaining chickens occurred in 1400-1200 BC. in India. Miscellaneous coloring. Weigh chick 0.50-0.75 kg, roosters 0.90-1.25 kg. There are egg stands, meat communal and fibergian breeds of chickens.

Turkey. Refer to the Pheasan family. Their homeland, moderate zone of North America. They were tamed and domesticated with ancient, now extinct peoples of Mexico. Wild turkey rather large slender birds at high legs. The head is small, without feathers, the neck is long, the operebe varied with a metal glitter. In Europe, they were brought around 1530. Used to obtain meat (live weight reaches 16 kg or more).

Goose home has occurred from two wild species - gray goose and duchonos (Chinese goose). The earliest information about the domestic geese was found in ancient Egypt.

Homemade duck. Wild ancestor of her mallard. Domesticated in Greece (I century BC). From one duck you can get up to 70 ducklings per year. Wild ducks nest on swamps and fine water bodies.

Fish. In modern fauna there are about 20 thousand species of fish, 90% of them relate to the bobes sublit. The object of pond fish farming is the representatives of the most extensive among the fish of the Karpov family.

Of those fish that can be considered domesticated and accordingly, the Carp, presented by several breeds, is most important, presented by several breeds is quite adapted for breeding in ponds. The domesticated fish also includes crucian, golden yase, or Orphas, and some others.

Insects. It is possible to consider tute and oak silkers belonging to the detachment of scraping, and a honey bee involved in the culture. Silkworms are bred to produce natural silk. The silk thread is a protein substance - fibroin, highlighted by special glands of silkwood caterpillars and solidified in air.

Upon completion of the growth of the caterpillar of the silkproke, they make a cocoon from this thread, in which they are pounded. The filament of the cocoon is separated and twisted into the silk yarn on the silk-cool factories.

Another useful insect involved in the agricultural culture is a honey bee among the 70 thousand species of bees, bumblebees, OS, riders, ants and some others, is part of the refincolor detachment. Wild bees live in the wrappers of trees, crevices of rocks, and home contains modern designs. Break them for the sake of obtaining honey, wax and other specific products.

All its conclusions about the variability and transformation of the species Darwin also attached to the question of the origin of pets. Now there is no doubt that pets occurred from wild animals tamed by man. Darwin, for example, proved that all the most diverse breeds of homemade pigeons occurred from one single ancestor - a nasoid rocky pigeon. Meanwhile, as can be seen in Fig. 14, the breed of pigeons, derived by a person, differ greatly from each other in its size and general body shape, in the form and size of the head and beak, as well as in color. Already during the time of Darwin, up to 150 different breeds of pigeons were known. If they all lived in a wild state, then any specialist would take them to different types of birds with among themselves the most remote relationship.

In the same way, Darwin established that all the existing breeds of home chickens also occurred from one single ancestor - the wild banker chicken, which currently lives in India and at the adjacent Malay and Philippine Islands (Fig. 15). The color of many of our migratory chickens is very little different from the color of this initial wild rock - Bankivsky chickens. Wild chickens, however, significantly less than the growth of home and carry only 15-20 eggs per year.
As you know, when breeding chickens, a person pursued two main tasks: on the one hand, to increase the size and, therefore, get more meat from each chicken, and on the other, - to increase the egg stage. To achieve the largest meat breeds, a person brought such large breeds such as Kohinhin, Langshans, Faveroli and especially Brother's chickens who have an adult rooster weighs up to 5.5 kilograms, and the weight of individual instances reaches 7 kilograms.
Some smoke breeds differ extremely high egg production. The best breeds of egg-based chickens are neurgorn and the minorke - give up to 250 or more eggs per year. But these eggs have no habit of rapid eggs, which we do not require from them, as the method of artificial removal of chickens in the incubator is invented.
Along with this, many lovers paid special attention to the color of the chickens, which clearly indicates a large variety of coloring from different breeds of chickens. Lovers of cocktail battles brought the special breed of large battle chickens whose roosters are distinguished by severe proceeds and, accordingly, that, strong beak and long, sharp "spurs."
On the other hand, in amateur purposes, rocks of small chickens, so-called kolikov, or Bentams, who have adult roosters have a weight of only 400 grams.
Extremely diverse breeds of chickens across the color of the pen and body shape. The most amazing, perhaps, is the breed of long-tailed chickens, derived in Japan exclusively with amateur objectives. The roosters of this breed have tails up to 2 or more. These are the so-called roosters - "Phoenixes".

Thus, and here we have so much variety of rocks that many of them could be attributed to different types of birds.
It is firmly established that all existing home rabbit breeds occurred from one common wild European rabbit, which is currently widely distributed by countries around the Mediterranean Sea and in Western Europe.
There are, however, such breeds of domestic animals that have occurred not from one, but from two or three nearby ancestors. In such cases, the variety of breeds derived by man is even more increasing, because a number of rocks are obtained as a result of crossing these source wild species.
So, all the existing breeds of horses occurred from two ancestors. One of them still lives in the steppes of Central Asia. This is a wild horse, open by our famous Przhevalsky traveler; She carries the name of the Przhevalsky horse (Fig. 16). Another ancestor is a tarpan - a wild European horse, who lived in the steppes of our Southern Ukraine, another 100 years ago, but currently already exterminated. From these wild ancestors, there were all the existing breeds of horses: an uncomfortable working horse, heavy-hazardous-seashests from breeds of Brabanson, Sail or Pershertov, which are heated to 3.5-4 tons, wonderful trunks and horses, running with the speed of the courier train (Orylovsky and Russian-American Rysics, Arab, British, Don and Akhal-Tekinsky hillocks).

All existing cattle breeds occurred from two or three wild species. One of these ancestors was a wild bull - a tour (Fig. 17), once lived in Europe, as well as in Western and North Asia. Our ancestors are ancient Slavs - often hunted this animal. The tour was completely destroyed in Europe in the XVII century. Smaller breeds of European cattle occurred, an imaginary, from another species of the wild bull, called the width. The center of his distribution was the Alps district, although he also met everywhere in Central and Northern Europe.

A small amount of cattle breeds, including our Astrakhan breed, leads its origin from the Indian wild bull, which also occurs in India and is currently the breed of honeycomb cattle, the so-called Zebu.
A variety of homemade pig breeds began their origin from two wild ancestors: from a wild European boar (Fig. 18) and from the Asian Indian Pig. Both of these animals and still live in a wild and represent a valuable game for hunters.

In general, most domestic breeds have their own attirements of wild animals who lived in the recent past in the south of Asian mainland or in Europe. This with complete persuasive shows that it is these terrain that were the most ancient foci of the emergence of human culture. It was here that a person first began to tame wild animals, of which, in the future, for many millennia, an all variety of current breeds arose.
Approximately the same is the history of the origin of the current rocks of the sheep (Fig. 19 and 20). Currently there are over 250 diverse homemade sheep breeds. Their wild ancestors were mainly the wild European Baran Mouflon and a large mountain wild ram Arkhar. The mouflon is still preserved in the wildlock in the mountains of the Mediterranean Islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Arhar is the inhabitant of the Mountains of Central and Central Asia (Fig. 21). It is not excluded, however, the possibility that other wild sheep participated in the formation of some breeds, for example, Asian wild argali rams, perhaps Persian wild sheep and others. Experiments show that the most diverse types of wild sheep are easily cross each other and with homemade sheep, while giving a prolific offspring.

Perhaps no type of domesticated animals, except pigeons, does not have such a wide variety of breeds like dogs. Among the dogs, we have such giants such as wolfes, senbernara and dogs, and various breeds of dwarf domestic dogs, which can be hidden in a pocket or fit in the palm of the person. The external forms of different breeds of dogs are just as diverse.
As far as, for example, the boosane is very different with its finely elongated head and a long nose from drunken pugs and bulldogs. There are breeds of dogs with very short wool, like Doberman Pinscher, and even completely devoid of wool, like an African naked dog. Meanwhile, Senbernara (Fig. 22), Newfoundland, Ukrainian and Caucasian Shepherd, Padel covered with thick long wool. In all likelihood, such a wide variety of breeds of dogs has a basis for several types of wild wolves and jackal (for smaller breeds of dogs). Obviously, as we settle in new areas of the globe, our ancestors have widely used the accumulated experience of taming wild animals and sought first of all to tame local wild breeds of wolves and jackal. Those and others are relatively easy to tear up, become faithful friends of a person, his closest helpers in the hunt for wild animals, guarded at home and waders of herd.

Wolves are widespread over the globe, but in different places still relate to different close-based species or varieties. And dogs that are found in wild tribes, in their own way, usually go to local views of the wolves. It is also known that domesticated dogs can sometimes be paired with wild wolves, and in some cases the hunters themselves seek such a crossing of domestic dogs with wolves to give the offspring greater strength and endurance.
Recently, the breed of so-called "German Shepherd" has been specifically removed, which is extremely similar in its appearance on the wolf. Along with a huge force, sometimes superior to the power of wolves, shepherds differ at the same time with the best qualities of the service dog, training abilities for a wide variety of purposes, including for the military.
Modern breeds of dogs differ from each other so much that if a person had met them in a wild state, he would not hesitate to take some of these breeds not only to different types, but even to different kinds, and meanwhile all the breeds of dogs Located from a small number of wild ancestors.

In modern conditions, cattle (CRS) in its origin is divided into two kinds: fast and buffaloes. This unit was carried out taking into account the morphological differences and the possibility of obtaining offspring in pairing individuals of these genera among themselves. When crossing fast and buffaloes, offspring does not work. It is due to this by the fact that in the cells in the cells there are 60 chromosomes, and the buffaloes - 58. Due to the difference in the number of chromosomes, the animals of these clans during mating do not give offspring.

Four beholder are divided into four trees:

• the tour from which all the breeds of cattle occurred. A variety of tour or its type is zebu, called humpback cattle. Tour habitat - Europe, Zebu - Asia;
• gaur, Gayal, Bantang - Cattle living in the southern regions of Asia (Indochina, Malay Peninsula and Java Islands, Borneo, Sumatra);
• yak is located both in a wild and domesticated state. Motherland - Central Asia;
• bison is in a wild state and is divided into two varieties - North American Bison and European Bison.

Tour

Tour (lat. Bos Primigenius, or lat. Bos Taurus Primigenius)

The wild tour is the source of all cattle of our planet was a major, superbly folded animal. For him, high growth intensity was characterized, and at 1.5 - 2 years the tour reached 1000 kg and more lively mass. At the same time, the height in the withers at the bulls reached 200 cm and more. Then they had black and brown and black and painted. The length of the horns in the bulls of tours often exceeded 1 meter, and the mass reached 10-15 kg.

About the power and strength of tours remind us of ancient epics, sayings and songs. So in Ukraine about a person with a solid character and great strength still say: "He has a Nature of Yak at the tour." We all know the words "TURNET", "FROM", etc. And even in chess one of the strongest figures - turn the tour.

We note that such an animal was created by nature. The tour did not have comfortable premises for its content, consumed the feed in a natural, natural form, without any feed and balancing of nutrients. At the same time, effective methods of selection were not used, no one cared for his health and an emerging young.

Currently, a huge army of cattle breeders, breeders, veterinary doctors, scientists of different specialties and profiles are focused on improving the existing and creating new cattle breeds, however, animals of modern specialized meat breeds have not reached that productivity that has been characterized by his ancestor - a wild tour . We have a lot to work on achieving the skills that "Her Majesty Nature" possesses.

We give at least one example of the power of nature. Do you know that blue whale, it is called another breakfast - the biggest animal in the world, the most giant marine mammal, reaching 33 m in the length and living mass of 120 tons, has a heart weighing 650 kg, and the liver is 1000 kg! The bluval in the body circulates about 8000 liters of blood. The length of its intestines is more than 4 km, and the volume of the stomach reaches up to 300 m 3. The muscular energy of the breakfast is approximately 1,700 horsepower. There were often such cases when the blue whale dragged the vessel with displacement of 300 - 500 tons with a speed of 14 kilometers per hour, even when the vessel engines worked in full turn back. And most importantly, the young breakfasts daily consumes about 300 kg of milk (bhastness he is highest - 46%) and every day increases 100 kg of alive mass, that is, he has an average daily increase equal to 1 centner. In the practice of producing beef (the biological limit of the average daily increase is 1800 d) the actual increase in the day on average equals 800 g, at best - 1000 g.

Numerous forms of modern cattle are disintegrated into several types, differing mainly by craniological features that were probably characterized by the generic team for which the following varieties were characteristic.

Long-head type - elongated skull, flat and relatively short forehead with an elongated face of the skull. The bold comb is not standing out. Rod bone rods depart horizontally straight from the skull. This type should include gray Ukrainian, Hungarian, Kholmogorsky, Yaroslavl and Dutch cattle.

Shortworn type - It has a longer wide forehead, shortened by the front part, the occipital comb is strongly developed and has a deepening on top. Horn horizontally depart from the skull and bent up. Representatives of the type are Alpine (Schwitsky and Alhause), Jersey Cattle, some other breeds and fragments of Siberia, Middle and Asia, China, India and the North of Africa.

Blue type - It is characterized by a long and wide forehead with a commercial. The occipital crest is convex, and the forehead, accustomed to the bases of the horns, with the speaker's eyeballs. Representatives of this group are the Simmental and Freiburg Cattle. There are opinions that this type of livestock is a mutant form of long-headed type.

Alcoholic type - It is highlighted by a shortened face of the skull, often it is called shortcoming.

Strong type - Its feature is, in addition to direct directed upwards, a long narrow and concave in the occipital region (the occipital crest is completely absent), the skull with a short forehead, the barrels in the profile and few outstanding eye depressions, with the foreheads left between her eyes. This type includes Kalmyk, Mongolian cattle, as well as some types of zebu.

Comole type - For him, the absence of horns and related skull features is characteristic. Representatives of this type include the cattle of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland. Comfortable occurs among other types of livestock, but there were no such wild forms of livestock.

Type Touration-Mongolian - It is characterized by a short, wide with a longitudinal concaveness of the forehead, a narrow, direct intervention, a narrow population and the absence of a bold ridge. To this type, except Kalmyk, is Kazakh, Siberian, Mongolian, Manchurian and Yakutsky cattle.

Of the characterized craniological types of cattle, the first two are the main, and the rest, quite possible, could be their derivatives.

Zebu (Humpback Cattle)

It is one of the subspecies of domestic cattle. It happened, probably in India from one of the extinct forms of the tour. It is characteristic of him is a muscular fat hump in the field of withers, a large pyrical. Horb Zebu is a complex formation, arises in the field of diamond and trapezoidal muscles, binding blades with breast vertebrae. These muscles with age strongly germinate with adipose tissue. Horb in well-fat animals zebu reaches 15-20 kg of mass and is of great importance for its adaptation and normal existence in hot climates and deserts. In adverse conditions, he fulfills the role of food and water depot.

Zebu manufacturer.

The most common zebu in India, where there are 35 breeds. It is believed that there are all the grounds for recognizing Industan the main center of breeding, but not the occurrence of zebu. There is no zeba in Europe. Widespread zebu has in Arabia, Africa and Madagascar. And again about India. There are six zebu groups in this country, differing in economic quality and biological features. In the past, Zebu in India belonged to the sacred animals. Their milk and meat did not eat. They were used exclusively as working cattle. Currently created meat and dairy rocks with a high fat content in milk.

Zeba lives in hot countries - Asia, Africa and South America, where its number is 430 million in the countries of Central Asia and Transcaucasia (CIS), their number reaches 1 million zeba domesticated - not an evil animal, but it is characterized by strict temper, especially With unfriendly handling. Living mass of calves at birth - 15 - 17 kg., Cows - 220-240 kg., Bulls - 300 kg; Accordingly, adult animals are the best breeds - 400-500 and 600-700 kg. The slaughter yield is 40-48%. The quality of meat zebu is approaching beef. UDMA reaches 500 kg of milk fatness of 4.7-5.7%. Mix with cattle are highly productive and pretty strong, powerful animals. Zebu is used to create new breeds of meat and dairy cattle. When crossing a zeba with cattle, a prolved offspring is obtained.

Bantong

Bandong Soviet cattle is known in the wild and domestic condition on Indonesia Islands. Wild adult animals are not tamed, but the calves become quite manual if they are from an early age all the time in contact with a person. Some scientists consider the Zonda bull to be an indian and African zebu, as well as cattle of Asian breeds.

For a bantate, there are characteristic low legs, a dense torso, well-developed musculature, thin, but strong backbone, a small head with short horns. The mastery mainly prevails red and red, and the pigmentation on the bottom of the body is brighter than on the top.

Domestic bands are bred on the island of Bali in Indonesia, as well as on other islands of the archipelago, and they are called Balinese cattle. This is a rather large animal: height in the withers in females - 140, in males - 160 cm; Living cows - 450-500 kg, fishing of 400-500 kg, fatty milk - 4.5-5%. When mating with cattle, it gives a prolific offspring. Use Balinese cattle mainly for the production of meat and slightly - milk.

Gaur.

His name comes from the root of "ur" that is from the word that in Latin means tour. And the word "ha" is Indian and denotes cattle. The English "COW" and the German "KUH" - Cow is also going on. In the word Gaur, the animals occurred from the tour and belong to cattle.
Gauras live in a wild state in India and Indonesia. They are called the cattle of the jungle, and not without reason, as they choose the residence of impassable thickets. It is extremely powerful massive animals on strong and high legs: the height in the withers in individual bulls reaches 170-180 cm (on average 145-155 cm), the live weight reaches 1000 kg. The cows are much lower and have a much smaller mass than bulls, and are distinguished by a light structure of the body. They have a low - 300-400 kg with fatty milk 5-6%.

Gayal

Yak

Mongolian bull, Motherland Tibet, Pamir, Altai. The area of \u200b\u200bYakov are mountains and a plateau high above sea level of 4000 m and above. There are both wild and homemade yaks, which are closest to the tours from all the relatives of cattle.

Wild yaks are powerful and strong animals in dark, brown and black suit, with rich hairproof. At the end of the muzzle they have gray wool. A silver "belt" stretches along the ridge. The calves hair is gray, and with age he darkens. Bulls reach 650-720 kg with height in the withers to 190-200 cm. Live mass of cows is low - 320-360 kg, height in the withers - 160 cm. Horn in bulls powerful, reaching in length 80-90 cm and reminiscent of the horns of tours. Adults Yaki are in 6-8 years. The duration of their life is high - 25 years or more. They have high resistance to habitat and viability. According to the observations of hunters, Yaki, even rustled by many bullets, continue to live and die if the brain or heart is lucked.

The domestic jak is small (height in the withers 108-110 cm), unlike wild, it is less kostist, much shortheletes. Bulls have a living mass of about 400 kg, cows - 240-250 kg, the mass of calves at birth - 10-15 kg, at 12 months - 110-130 kg. Meat qualities are developed weakly, slaughter output - 40-45%. Freaky Yachih - 400-500 kg, fatty milk - 5-6%. Low productive qualities primarily indicate an extensive technology to growing young and the use of adult animals.

From yaks, except for dairy, meat products, still get a coat. For haircut, Yaki give up to 3 kg of wool containing 49-50% fluff. Strong overgrowth of Yakov hair protects them from supercooling when lying on the snow (the wool on the belly grows up to 30-40 cm long and is a highly efficient bedding upon rest of the animals).
Yaki, when crossing with a cattle cattle, give fruitful females and fruitless males (hybrid males in the introductory crossing with livestock become prolific only to the fourth generation). Hybrid animals are more highly products: live weights of cows - 400-500 kg, fishing - 1500-2000 kg, fatty milk - 4.5-5%. In Altai, in our country, the offspring from the crossing of the male yak with a cow is called ortons (inheritance is on the type of yakov), and when crossing the bulls of cattle with yachas - Highna-Kami (inherit the type of livestock). Yaki is very promising in the breeding process when creating livestock for mountain and foothill zones with extreme natural climatic conditions.

North American Bison.

Bison, or American Bison (Lat. Bison Bison) - a view of the granulated mammals from the tribes of the bulls of the subfamily of Bovinae.

Like the bison, are the largest representatives of the fast. The number of bizonov, by the time of the opening of America (1492), was 60 million, and after the arrival of Europeans, their extermination began. Already by 1870 they had 5.5 million, and by 1895 there were 800 animals left. And if cardinal measures were taken on the protection of bison, they could disappear.

European Bison - Bison

Completed in the West of Russia, Belarus, Lithuania and the Caucasus. It is large, up to 200 cm height in the knee of animals. The front of the body is superbly developed, heavily increasing thick wool. Live mass of females - 600-700 kg, males - 1000 kg and more. Currently, there are 800 bison in the world, of which 300 - in Belarus and Russia. Work is underway on their domestication.

Hybridization of bison and bison with cattle provides prolific females and belligent males I-III generation from introductory crossing. Male becomes prolific in IV generation. Bison and bison are used to create new breeds. The offspring, obtained from mating bison with bison, is fruitful, which opens some perspective in preserving and continuing the growth in the number of animals of these species, since there are opinions that both bison and bison are fugitive branches of cattle relatives. Hybrid offspring grows well and develops. The duration of pregnancy they have 260-290 days, lactation - 5-7 months.

In our opinion, bison and bison, which have a two-meter growth, excellent resistance to natural environmental conditions, which have specific genes in its genotype, can serve a good service in improving the tribal and productive qualities of existing and creating new cattle breeds.

Buffalo

The Asian Group includes a wild buffalo, common in India, Burma and Thailand; and home - Arni, common throughout South Asia; MINDORSKY, it is called another Filipino, as the place of his habitat is the Philippines, and ana- From the island of Kependals.

Representatives of the huge, in their number, the kind of milk-shaped multiplied, divorced in a wide variety of natural climatic conditions. As a result of natural selection, the most adapted individuals were survived, which were one or another appearance. At the same time, the interest of a person does not dry out to the wild representatives of the genus of both fast and buffaloes. They, wild forms of these clans, were of great importance on the formation of the first tamed, and then domesticated animals. In this regard, the knowledge of the economic qualities and the characteristics of these animals makes it possible to use wild and semi-trigine forms of cattle in order to create new, more productive, with good resistance of new breeds like milk and meat livestock.
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The number of buffaloes in the world is 130 million, of which about half a million is in the CIS countries. At the place of habitat, buffaloes are divided into two groups of Asian and African. At the same time, African buffaloes are wild. The Asian group includes an Indian wild buffalo, common in India and other Indochina countries.

Home buffaloes are divided into long-horned in southern China, on the islands of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian archipelago, and the Shortcoorn - Japan, North China, India, Western Asia and Egypt. Asian buffaloes are bought in Georgia, Azerbaijan. Armenia, Dagestan, as well as Bulgaria. Romania, Yugoslavia and Albania.
For home buffalo, a compact body is characterized in combination with the size and high physical strength. This is a fairly high animal (height in the withers 125-130 cm) on thick limbs, which has powerful bones, a straight back, a leafy belly and a rather deep breast. They are peculiar to various suites: black, dark gray and dark brown. The skin of the buffaloes is much thicker than in cattle.

Live mass of adult animals - 456-550 kg. Birth calves have a mass of 25-32 kg. Meat qualities at buffaloes are developed satisfactory: a slaughter output is 40-50%; The meat of young animals on nutritious and taste qualities is similar to beef, older - hard, coarse and less tasty.

The milk productivity of the buffalo in most farms is low: the villas range from 500 to 900 kg with fatty milk 7-9%. The best individuals of fishing reaches 3.5-4 thousand kg and fat content of 8-9.5%. The lactation duration is 7-8 months, pregnancy - 300 days (oscillations from 260 to 350).

Buffaloes are characterized by high disease resistance, good health and high adaptive abilities to extreme habitat conditions. They use the pasture well mainly on wetlands covered with Russian and cane areas whose vegetation is a large cattle refuse to eat. The buffaloes are resistant against the disease of piroplasmosis. They are more durable compared to livestock: the buffalo reproductive abilities are preserved until 20-23 years.

The hair cover in adult animals is rare and unevenly distributed over the body - more thick and long hair have on the forehead, on the upper parts of the legs and on the sides, and the crushes and hips are completely naked. Young has a better hair cover. All Asian buffaloes are big water lovers. They swim well and in hot time plunge the whole body into water and are in water for 6-8 hours, protecting it in this way from the heat.

Homemade buffaloes are surprisingly well and without much difficulty are used in a wide variety of works, but they are especially widely used to process rice fields. They are adapted to a hot, humid climate. Cattle who occurred from tours is the inhabitant of steppes and feels bad in hot and wet edges. It in these areas is successfully replaced by buffaloes.

Each type and every breed of cattle have its own history repeating in the depths of the past centuries of ancient times. In the individuals of each breed, the influence of their nature (ecology) and human labor was hereditaryly accumulated. History shows that the best, most stable rocks were created as a combination of adaptive signs of aboriginal rocks with increased productivity of high cultural.