Violence in the media. The impact of mass communications on personality behavior. The problem of using scenes of sex and violence in them

Topicchild abuse in the media on the example of the media of the Altai Territory

Bessarabova Alexandra, 8th grade student

Academic Supervisor: Vishnyakova Natalya Nikolaevna

KGBOU "Regional pedagogical lyceum - boarding school",

Regional Center for Distance Education of Children with Disabilities

(Altai Territory, Barnaul)

The urgency of the problem

The problem of violence and abuse of children in modern Russia is one of the most acute and urgent. It is easy to harm a child. Children cannot protect themselves physically, their very survival depends on adults.

Abuse of children and neglect of their interests can take different forms and forms, but their consequence is always: serious damage to the health, development and socialization of the child, often - a threat to life, not to mention violation of the rights of the child.

The prevalence of child abuse in the family, despite the hidden nature of some of its forms, is quite significant, as evidenced by statistics. About 2 thousand children under the age of 14 are beaten by their parents, which for many ends in death, 50 thousand leave their families, 6 thousand - from orphanages and boarding schools. A total of 25-26 thousand minors annually become victims of criminal offenses, of which about 2 thousand die, 8-9 thousand receive bodily harm.

In modern society, the media play an important role in shaping people's ideas about social problems, about social phenomena and processes. Most of the time, people learn about child abuse, crime, terrorist attacks, etc., from television news, newspapers, radio broadcasts and website messages.

On the one hand, the media is one of the sources (a kind of translator) of the necessary information for enlightenment and education of society. On the other hand, the media reflect the current situation in the world, in Russia, in the Altai Territory in the issue of protecting children from abuse.

When covering the problem of child abuse, the media draw public attention to dramatic cases of child abuse. Stereotypes and prejudices arise from this, negative emotions appear.

We see that in newspapers, news stories, talk shows, in the Internet space they use topics related to aggression, violence and cruelty against different people.

Experts say that the society really knows little about child abuse in the family, about its prevalence.

Object of study: child abuse

Thing: Reflecting the issue of child abuse in the media

purpose work: Examine how the media presents child abuse

A task: to identify common beliefs in media coverage of child abuse

The work is based on the results of an analysis of the websites of news agencies and regional print media covering the topic of child abuse in the Altai Territory in January - September 2015. The analysis of Internet publications of regional newspapers was used: Altayskaya Pravda, Vecherniy Barnaul, Komsomolskaya Truth in Altai ”, as well as websites of information agencies: Official site of the Altai Territory, Amik - ru, NCO 22, Infoom - Altai. In addition to these media, the programs of the regional TV channel Katun - 24 were analyzed.

Studies show that the social problem of child abuse is not an important problem from the point of view of the Russian media. When reporting on child abuse, the media focuses on dramatic, violent cases.

In this regard, we decided to conduct a study on how the problem of child abuse is reflected in the media using the example of the Altai Krai media.

Basic terms of this study:

Abuse of children - any deliberate action or inaction on the part of parents, persons replacing them, as well as persons obliged to supervise the child, causing harm to the physical or mental health of the child or as a result of which the natural development of the child has been disrupted or a real threat to his life has arisen or health.

Violence against children is any deliberate action against a child that infringes upon his constitutional rights and freedoms as a citizen, causes him physical pain and harms or threatens to harm his physical or personal development.

Mass media (Mass media) - a channel for disseminating information (through print, radio, television, cinema, Internet sites, sound recording, video recording) in order to assert the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof a given society and provide an ideological, political, economic or organizational impact on the assessments, opinions and behavior of people ...

Social perceptions of society about child abuse.

In recent years, child protection has been one of the important issues in the social policy of the Russian Federation. The President and the Government of the Russian Federation set tasks to take systemic measures in the field of combating crimes against children, ensuring their safety, organizing timely detection of family problems, creating an infrastructure for preventive work, preventing social orphanhood and ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of orphans and children, left without parental care .

The results of the study "Family and Parenting in Modern Russia", which was conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the request of the Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations, indicate that physical punishment is the norm in Russian families. The norm prohibiting physical punishment is either ignored or viewed as humanitarian, but more as a guideline for the future. Until now, child abuse, including physical, psychological and sexual abuse, as well as neglect of the basic needs of the child, is widespread and does not meet with appropriate opposition and condemnation in society. Child abuse is often covert and is only detected in extreme cases.

About half of the respondents (46.0%) stated that they were subjected to physical punishment in childhood. 51.8% of modern parents have resorted to physical punishment for educational purposes; 1.8% say they did it often, 17.8% sometimes, and 31.4% rarely. Only 36.9% of the respondents are sure that physical punishment is harmful and should be excluded from the practice of education; almost a third of the respondents (33.6%), although they admit the harm of physical punishment, believe that in some cases they can be used. About a fifth of the respondents believe that in some cases, physical punishment can even be beneficial for the child, and 5.6% are convinced that it is impossible to do without them.

This study showed that in Russia people hold different points of view on the issue of physical punishment for educational purposes: some recognize this method, others believe that physical punishment should be in the family until a certain age of the child, and still others say that physical punishment cannot be admit.

People also do not know that violence is not only physical impact. Many believe that violence is the threat of an object, the threat of expulsion from home, or being hungry. Few believe that a slap below the waist is also violence. Some people think that hitting the head, locking a child alone in a room, forcing a child to do extra activities or physical exercises is also cruel treatment. Another part recognizes refusal to speak or swearing as violence. The following conclusions follow from the results obtained:

1. The population believes that some "mild" forms of physical pressure, such as slapping or pulling by the ears, although they are violence, are acceptable and can be used for educational purposes.
2. The ban policy is not viewed by the population as violence. For example, a ban on walking is not considered such, although it is fraught with forcible retention at home. Most do not consider the ban on watching television or the denial of pocket money as violence.
3. A significant part of the population does not view some forms of physical pressure as violence. Spanking has already been mentioned above, and the same “contradictory” category includes a slap on the head, which about half of the population does not consider violence to be.
4. From the point of view of the majority of the population, cursing a child with a harsh swear word or refusing to communicate with him also cannot be qualified as violence. To summarize, it turns out that verbal aggression is considered by the majority as violence only if it contains threats of radical action - expulsion from home, the use of some sharp object, for example, a knife. If such threats do not sound, then scolding and abuse are not considered violence.

Modern parents believe that they are raising their children better than their grandparents. We can say that the attitude of society towards violence and cruelty is slowly changing.

Coverage of the social problem of child abuse by the mass media on the example of publications of the Altai Territory

The mass media are newspapers, magazines, TV and radio broadcasts, Internet sites. Within the framework of this study, the method of analyzing Internet publications of regional newspapers was used: "Altayskaya Pravda", "Vecherny Barnaul", "Komsomolskaya Pravda na Altai", as well as the websites of information agencies: Official site of the Altai Territory, Amik - ru, NCO 22, InfoDom - Altai. In addition to these media, the programs of the regional TV channel Katun - 24 were analyzed.

The search criteria for the analyzed publications were the phrases “violence against children”, “cruelty to children”.

A total of 42 materials were analyzed (the total number where the phrases "violence against children", "cruelty to children" are used).

The number of materials devoted to the topic of child abuse in the Altai Territory media was distributed as follows: "Altai Pravda" - 3 publications, "Evening Barnaul" - 2 publications, "Komsomolskaya Pravda in Altai" - 6 publications, Official site of the Altai Territory - 4 articles , Amik - ru - 10 articles, NCO 22 - 6 articles, InfoDom - Altai - 9 articles, TV Katun - 24 - 2 items. The leaders were the site Amik - ru, Infoom - Altai and the Internet portal of the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda na Altai".

We considered how many and which articles published in the indicated media were devoted to the topic of child abuse. They were grouped according to 4 themes: violence against children in the family, crimes against children, laws in the field of child abuse, prevention of child abuse (activities).

The greatest press coverage was given to three topics: crimes against children (10 publications), violence against children in the family (9 publications) and the prevention of child abuse (21 publications).

In the publications of the newspaper "Altai Pravda" more crimes against children living in the Altai Territory are covered - 4 publications. The legislation and preventive measures are not reflected at all.

There are only 2 publications in the newspaper Vecherniy Barnaul - one of them about the work of the All-Russian Children's Helpline and one about a crime against a child. It discussed issues related to the formation of an intolerant attitude towards physical punishment, provides positive examples of changes in the situation in the family, where the main method of upbringing was physical measures of influence on the child.

The study has shown that journalists from the regional news agency Amikru are best at covering all aspects of child abuse. They are a veritable public tribune from which anyone can speak up to express their opinion on the issue of child abuse. When covering complex, controversial problems and phenomena, different points of view are almost always given. In one of the publications, the reader is told about bills in the field of child abuse, as well as comments on them.

In contrast to the publications of the Altai Pravda and Vecherniy Barnaul newspapers, the Komsomolskaya Pravda na Altai newspaper contains information not only on the types of violence against children, statistics of crimes against children, actions of social services to prevent this problem, but also as many as 4 publications devoted to crimes against children. Also, journalists in the materials devoted to child abuse are critical of the punishment of persons who have committed crimes against children. Because, in their opinion, today the legal system is imperfect and parents or persons replacing them may, at best, get off with a “fine” or lose parental rights. In the articles of this newspaper, the idea is traced that society is tolerant of manifestations of cruelty towards children.

When covering the problem of child abuse, the Infoom - Altai information agency pays attention to measures to prevent child abuse. But there are 3 articles that talk about physical abuse. Almost every article describes: "beating", "burning with cigarette butts", "quilting with a boiler cord", "locking up for a long time in the cellar at home", etc. Basically, these actions were performed by parents with alcohol addiction, single mothers. The journalists noted that in most cases the problem of child abuse occurs in dysfunctional families.

When covering the problem of abuse, the Altai Territory's official website covers as many aspects of the prevention of this problem as possible.

It should be noted that by no means all of the materials containing the phrases “violence against children”, “cruelty against children” were devoted to the topic of child abuse. Often these phrases were mentioned in the list of other childhood problems - neglect and homelessness, abandonment, social orphanhood, prevention of family trouble, etc. As the analysis has shown, the number of publications on the problem of child abuse is insignificant. The main topics of the publications relate to cruel cases of violence against children in the family, about helping children who have suffered from abuse, as well as police actions against citizens who have committed crimes against children. In their stories about child abuse, journalists highlight the most dramatic situations.

It seems negative to us that in almost all articles dealing with this topic, the authors openly demonstrate the results of violent influence (photographs showing visible injuries to the child, or a detailed verbal description of them).

So, having reviewed and analyzed for 2008-2011. the most famous newspapers and news agencies of the Altai Territory, we can conclude:

1. The attention in the media of the Altai Territory is most of all topics: with family violence against children, crimes against children, prevention of child abuse.
2. The media pay attention to dramatic, sensational reporting and articles when talking about child abuse.
3. The problem of child abuse is limited to physical abuse. Thus, the population has incomplete information.
4. There is no information at all on such issues: what to do in case of child abuse, who to ask for help in cases, about the responsibility of citizens for actions against children, about the rules of safe behavior.

The problem of child abuse in modern society is perceived in different ways. The perception of the social problem of child abuse depends on prevailing stereotypes, social perceptions in society, and the influence of the media. To date, research results indicate that physical punishment is a sustainable practice of influencing children in Russian families. Therefore, many authors write about the need to change the attitude of society towards the problem of child abuse and to form an intolerant attitude towards corporal punishment.

The media should work not to reduce child abuse, but to make people understand what it is and do everything to stop it!

Literature:

1. Problems of violence against children and ways to overcome them / Ed. E.N. Volkova - M .: Publishing house of Peter, 2008.-144s.
2. Report on the results of the study "Family and parenting in modern Russia" [Electronic resource]: Access mode: http - Title. from the screen.
3. Report on the results of the research "Culture of upbringing, encouragement and punishment of children in Russian families" [Electronic resource]: Access mode: http //www.fond-detyam.ru/?node\u003d21&lang\u003dru - Title. from the screen.

“Any television is educational. The only question is what it teaches. "
N. Johnson, Chairman of the US Federal Communications Commission, 1978.

The current rise in violent crime, especially among children and adolescents, raises questions about the social conditions leading to this. Is the rise in violence driven by the rise of individualism and materialism in society? Or is it the ever-widening chasm between the power of wealth and the impotence of poverty? Or maybe the annoying savoring of scenes of violence in the "crafts" of mass culture leads to such a result? The latter assumption arises because the surge in physical violence coincided in time with an increase in the appearance of bloody scenes in the media, especially on television. Is the observed relationship just a coincidence? What are the results of naturalistic portrayal of violence in film and television? Numerous studies of aggressive behavior, its acquisition and modification have been conducted by the Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura in the framework of socio-cognitive theories. This approach assumes that modeling influences "learning" mainly through its informative function. In other words, by observing the pattern, learners acquire symbolic images of the simulated activity, which is the prototype for the appropriate or inappropriate behavior. This process, called by A. Bandura "learning through observation", is regulated by four interrelated components:

• attention (understanding the model): a person observes the behavior of the model and accurately perceives this behavior;
• conservation processes (memorization of the model): the behavior of the model, observed earlier, is retained by a person in long-term memory;
• motor-reproductive processes (translation of memory into behavior): a person translates the memories of the model's behavior encoded in symbols into a new form of his behavior;
• motivational processes: if there is potentially positive reinforcement (external, indirect or self-reinforcement), the person learns the modeled behavior.

1. Grinshpuya I.B. Introduction to psychology. - M .: Institute of Practical Psychology, 1996.
2. Myers D. Social psychology. - SPb .: Peter, 1997.
3. Kjell L., Ziegler D. Theories of personality. - SPb .: Peter, 1997
4. Yaroshevsky M.G. History of psychology from antiquity to the middle of the XX century. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 1996.

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Borovikova Victoria Valerievna. Problems of coverage of crime in the media and preventive activities of internal affairs bodies: Dis. ... Cand. jurid. Sciences: 12.00.08: Moscow, 2002 222 p. RSL OD, 61: 03-12 / 1031-2

Introduction

Chapter I. The media and their impact on crime .

1.1 Concept and classification of media

1.2 The mechanism of the influence of the media on crime (General approaches).

Chapter II. The current state of coverage of crime problems in the media (analysis, problems, ways to solve them).

2.1 About coverage of crime problems in print media p. 36-53

2.2 Reflection of issues of criminal law in the print media p. 54-79

2.3 Reflection of problems -criminology in the print media p. 80-104

2.4 Coverage of crime problems by Russian television (approaches, realities, prospects) p. 105-126

Chapter III. Role of the media and crime prevention .

3.1 About the directions of using the mass media in crime prevention. from. 127-148

3.2 The main forms of interaction of internal affairs bodies with the media in crime prevention. from. 149-169

Conclusion. from. 170-176

Bibliography. from. 177-196

application

Introduction to work

The life of a modern person is unthinkable without the media (newspapers, magazines, television, etc.), which help him to adapt and navigate in society, obtain the necessary knowledge, establish and strengthen social ties, influence the choice of a line of behavior, contribute to the development of his professional and other personal qualities. However, the mass media is a double-edged weapon that has tremendous power to influence the consciousness of people, when the freedom of speech is abused, it can cause negative consequences: to manipulate public consciousness to please those to whom they belong, to instill in a significant part of the population false moral attitudes, values, cause unnecessary excitement or, conversely, sow fear of any phenomenon among information consumers.

Therefore, it is important to create an atmosphere in society based not only on moral, but also on legal principles, capable of minimizing the manifestation of negative properties of the media. This provision is directly related to our chosen research topic - the problems of coverage of crime in the media. The effectiveness of the fight against crime, the implementation of the directions of criminal policy in the Russian Federation, to a certain extent depends on how objectively the mass media consider certain aspects of this antisocial phenomenon, what is the tonality, ways of communicating information about socially dangerous encroachments to its users.

This circumstance to a large extent explains the relevance of the chosen research topic.

At the same time, the state of the study of this issue is very contradictory and, in our opinion, does not fully correspond to modern social needs.

It is known that general questions about the place and role of the media in the life of mankind are studied by various sciences, for example, social psychology, sociology, political science, philosophy, journalism, informatics, medicine, biophysics, military sciences.

However, until recently, insufficient attention was paid to the study of the coverage of crime problems by the Russian media, although domestic criminological science has formulated a number of provisions that are valuable for analyzing this topic. General methodological significance are, in particular, the works of G.A. Avanesov, A.I. Alekseev, M.M. Babaev, S.E. Vitsin, A.A. Gabiani, A.I. Dolgova, A.E. Zhalinsky, Kar- Petsa II., Kerzhner M.Yu., Kuznetsova N.F., Kudryavtseva V.N., Minkovsky G.M., Mikhailovskaya I.B., Naumkina Yu.V., Ratinova AR., Savyuka L.K ., Chernyavsky BC, Shavgulidze T.G.

At a special level, interesting judgments and empirical data are also contained in the works of S.S. Boskholov, G.Kh. Efremova, S.M. Inshakov, N.N.Kondrashkov, G.Sh. Lezhava, N.I. Mayorov, M.S. Osherov. , Ryabykina F.P., Tomina V.T., Yutskova E.M., Yarosh G.M. and etc.

For the most part, these works were written in different than now, socio-political and economic conditions, and modern publications, as a rule, touched only on certain areas of media coverage of crime in the Russian Federation, limiting themselves to conclusions and comments based on the analysis of the operational information in a relatively short period of time. In addition, the authors of scientific works of the Soviet period could not foresee qualitative changes in the content of modern materials on the problem under consideration, new approaches of the media to reflecting various aspects of crime (constant interest in this problem, caused by the high level of crime in the Russian Federation and the associated increase in printed pages publications and an increase in the airtime of radio-television programs on criminal topics). The emergence of new media (for example, the computer system "Internet"), which actively disseminate various information on crime issues, also requires reflection. The activity of the media sometimes acquires negative connotations, since the reader, TV viewer, computer user can get a visual idea of \u200b\u200bthe methods of committing a crime, which, under certain conditions, is a factor in increasing the degree of criminality of society.

Considering the above, the issues discussed in the dissertation research are of both scientific and practical interest. These circumstances also determine the relevance of the research topic and its choice by the applicant.

Goals and objectives of the study. The goals of the dissertation are: the development of theoretical and practical provisions that reveal the content of the main directions and the mechanism of the influence of the media on crime, their role in shaping public opinion on the problem of crime, in crime prevention, and the implementation of criminal policy.

to assess the current state of the media in terms of their impact on crime;

consider the mechanism, as well as the positive and negative consequences of the influence of the media on the formation of public opinion;

find out the state of coverage of issues of criminal law, as well as problems of criminology in the Russian print media;

identify and classify the main approaches to the consideration of aspects of crime by Russian television and print media;

to characterize in comparative terms the views, positions, opinions of foreign and domestic experts in the field of criminal law and criminology on the issues under study;

show the role of the media in crime prevention;

to formulate and disclose the content of the main forms of interaction between the internal affairs bodies and the media;

to develop proposals for improving the mechanism of interaction between law enforcement agencies and the media when covering the latest crime problems.

Object and subject of research. The object of the dissertation research is the process of coverage of crime issues (primarily criminal law and criminology) by the media. The research subject is:

domestic and foreign legislation on the media (actually constitutional, informational, criminal, criminal procedural, administrative, civil), as well as other regulatory material related to the fight against crime;

printed publications in the media, covering the criminal law and criminological aspects of crime;

russian television programs on crime issues;

directions and forms of interaction of internal affairs bodies with the media in crime prevention.

Methodological, theoretical and empirical basis of the research.

The methodological basis of the dissertation research is private scientific methods of cognition of social phenomena: historical-legal, comparative-legal, statistical, logical, systemic-structural and concrete-sociological.

In the course of the research, works on criminal law and criminology, psychology, sociology, political science, philosophy, and journalism were widely used.

1. To conduct the study, an original method was developed that made it possible to conduct a content analysis of a large array of information material and draw a number of conclusions characterizing the real attitude of the Russian media to the problem of crime in our country. The empirical base of the study was made up of: the results of our own specific sociological research and generalization for the period (1997 (first half) -2001 (first half)), during which 4153 newspaper publications and 1706 television stories containing information on criminal law were studied and criminology;

2. data from a survey of 127 cadets of the Moscow Academy of Russia on the problems studied in the dissertation;

3. other analytical materials (results of selective studies of television programs dedicated to clarifying public opinion on the activities of law enforcement agencies, including internal affairs bodies);

4. statistical data on crime (annual statistical analytical reviews, certificates of the State Information Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation).

The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the work is a comprehensive analysis, carried out in modern conditions, of coverage of crime issues in the media, as a result of which provisions are formulated to improve various branches of legislation aimed at preventing abuse of freedom of information, increasing the effectiveness of the media in business. prevention of crimes.

The main provisions for the defense:

1. The mechanism of the media's influence on crime is complex and sometimes contradictory. On the one hand, the information received by citizens from various sources broadens the understanding of this antisocial phenomenon, helps to ensure their personal and public safety, and to take an active life position in combating crime. On the other hand, willingly or unwittingly, propagating a criminal lifestyle, portraying perpetrators of crimes in “rosy colors,” the media can actually act as instigators to commit a crime. Therefore, in Russian society, a reliable information security system operating within the framework of the Constitution of the Russian Federation should be created, allowing to minimize the negative consequences of such activities of the mass media.

2. The Russian print and electronic media, as the results of the research show, cover a wide range of issues in the fight against crime on the pages of their publications and television screens. Since the quality of such publications and programs leaves much to be desired due to the “pursuit” of a sensation by a number of journalists, their low legal qualifications and political engagement, the task of reflecting more balanced information in the media, improving the legal training of media representatives creating such publications is recognized as urgent. and programs.

3. There is an urgent need to change approaches in the coverage of crime problems in the domestic media. Thus, the issues of responsibility and prevention of crimes against constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen, environmental crimes, crimes in the field of computer information, against the foundations of the constitutional order and security of the state, justice, should be described more fully and in detail in publications, radio television programs. management order.

4. The idea is expressed about the usefulness of creating a special state body (independent of this or that department), which would monitor the state of law enforcement and law and order, and provide the media with statistics on crime.

5. A number of proposals are substantiated aimed at improving Russian legislation, in particular, on the appropriateness:

extensions of Notes 1 to Art. 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation due to the inclusion in the list of officials and persons performing organizational, administrative and administrative and economic functions at state and municipal unitary enterprises or in open joint-stock companies as a representative of the state;

amendments to Chapter 8 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation ("Intangible benefits and their protection"), the essence of which is to allow the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation not only of a civilian, but also of a legal entity;

the introduction into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of a criminal law that provides for liability for the production or distribution of works that promote the cult of violence and cruelty.

The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that: a) a comprehensive analysis was carried out over a long period (4.5 years) of the state of reflection of crime issues in the domestic media (print media and on television) in comparison with the Soviet period: b) proposals were made on improvement of legislation; c) the provisions and conclusions are formulated that can be used for further research of both this problem and related issues; d) the developed recommendations can help in improving both the activities of the media themselves and law enforcement agencies (including the internal affairs department); e) the results of the study are suitable for use in the work of subdivisions of information, regional and public relations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Main Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Russian Federation.

Approbation of research results. The main provisions of the dissertation were reported at meetings of the Department of Criminology and Crime Prevention of the Moscow Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, at scientific and practical conferences. The results of the study were, to a certain extent, used in the preparation of methodological recommendations for the compilation of reports by the information and public relations departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate, which received a positive assessment in the Information Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In addition, the conclusions, provisions and data available in the dissertation were applied in the course of teaching courses in criminology and criminal law at the MA of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

The provisions of the dissertation are also set out in scientific articles.

Work structure. The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, including 8 sections, conclusion and bibliography.

Concept and classification of mass media

The role of the mass media is determined by the fact that in modern conditions information becomes of great importance for every person, because the possession of it is a necessary condition for achieving life goals. A necessary attribute of the "information society" is the media - a source of knowledge, a way of communication, an important component of the functioning of social institutions.

According to Western experts, “the mass media (media) are institutions created for open, public transmission, according to popular opinion, with the help of special technical tools of various information to any person” 1; or "they are viewed as a technical form of communication that allows almost simultaneous rapid communication of information to society for large, heterogeneous and impersonal audiences."

According to the USSR Law of 1.08.1990 “On the press and other mass media”, the mass media was understood as “newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs, documentary films, and other periodic forms of public dissemination of mass information”.

The union law existed in Russia for about one and a half years, and on December 27, 1991. it was replaced by the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Mass Media", which concretized and expanded the concept of mass media.

In accordance with Article 2 of this Law: "The mass media means a periodical print publication, radio, television, video program, newsreel program, another form of periodic dissemination of mass information."

However, it must be admitted that there is no universal, comprehensive definition of mass media. This is due to the fact that in recent years the composition of communication media has undergone significant changes due to the spread of satellite communications, cable radio and television, electronic text communication systems (video, screen and cable texts).

In the specialized literature, synonyms of the term mass media are often found - mass communication or mass media, but they are also defined as “the systematic dissemination of messages among numerically large dispersed audiences in order to influence the assessments, opinions and behavior of people”; "Institutionalized production and mass distribution of symbolic materials through the transfer and accumulation of information."

As you can see, various concepts of media have common features. These are, in particular: 1) the universality of information (specific, problem-theoretical, genre); 2) openness, accessibility to anyone; 3) the stability of the process of organizing the production of information, carried out by editorial offices; 4) regularity of information dissemination; 5) more or less simultaneous flow of information to the audience from different social strata and regions; 6) the possibility of establishing a fairly stable relationship with the audience, two-way exchange of information; 7) dissemination of information "with home delivery" when subscribing for a long term. The functions of the media are diverse (informational, educational, propaganda, control, educational, etc.) the media have great opportunities to influence the mind and feelings of people, their way of thinking, evaluation criteria. It makes no sense to analyze all the functions of the media in modern society. One way or another, they play a special role in the implementation of political, propaganda, economic, educational, ideological goals, increasing and maintaining the authority of certain individuals, institutions and organizations.

Types of media. Their diversity is due to the multifunctionality of the media. According to Article 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Mass Media", it is customary to refer to the types of media in the Russian Federation as print, radio, television, video programs and newsreel programs. Each of the species has different possibilities of influencing people, which depend primarily on the way they are perceived by recipients.

The first in terms of appearance of the mass media is the print media.

Print media (periodical and non-periodical). Non-recurrent print media are mass book products, primarily mass political literature, brochures intended for a wide audience, including those published in series, leaflets, proclamations, and posters.

These publications carry both operational event information and system-organized information that broadly and comprehensively examines large-scale social phenomena, processes, problems, interpretive and fundamental information. Collections of works from newspapers and magazines play an important role. In this sense, a mass book is a necessary continuation and, in a sense, the pinnacle of the media system, as it were, the final and summing up of public coverage and discussion of major issues of public life.

The mechanism of influence of the mass media on crime (General approaches).

Foreign and domestic criminological literature examines in detail the influence of the media on crime, in particular, the role of the media in the growth of aggressive behavior, often expressed in the commission of a crime.

In the criminological literature, the following concepts have been put forward regarding the influence of the media on crime.

The first concept is that reports of crime and violence increase the level of aggressiveness in people. This is one of the most developed concepts in the West, built on the basis of stimulation theory, as well as the theory of social learning, catharsis, cognitive neo-associations.

The conceptual framework for conducting experiments in studying the effects of television on violence is social learning theory. Its main idea is that learning through observation has an even greater effect than direct experience.

Still, in the 60s of the XX century. American psychologists led by A. Bandur conducted the first experiments on the influence of television images of violence on human behavior. The most famous of these are the experiments with the plastic Bobo doll. The purpose of the experiments was to find out the possibilities of teaching children to act aggressively. They tested the assertion that viewing by children of scenes of violence on television may lead them to copy such behavior in real life. During the experiments with the Bobo doll, the child was first shown a film with aggressive actions towards the doll by the actor. After that, covert observation of how the child played with the Bobo doll and other toys was carried out, and the number of aggressive manifestations was counted. It was recorded that showing films with aggressive content contributes to the teaching of children to similar manifestations. However, these experiments were criticized by social scientists and representatives of the television industry, who questioned their feasibility and the correctness of the interpretation of their results. The following provisions were put forward as arguments. First, the subjects in these experiments behaved aggressively towards a specially designed doll, and not towards a human being. Therefore, it is not entirely clear whether the demonstrated behavior can be unambiguously considered aggression - after all, no one was actually harmed. Secondly, the material that was shown to the subjects differed in several essential parameters from ordinary film and television production. They lacked a plot explaining and justifying the actions of the characters, and the behavior demonstrated by adults is almost impossible to see on TV. Finally, in these experiments, children were given the opportunity to reproduce aggressive actions in similar situations, while film and television viewers watching scenes of violence very rarely find themselves in situations that are identical to television stories. For these reasons, the results of the experiments, according to critics, cannot give a complete picture of the impact of television and cinema on human behavior. However, later experiments made experts doubt the absence of a connection between the activities of the media and the state and dynamics of crime. "Food" for thought was provided by studies of the dependence of child aggressiveness on its stimulation on television screens. In one experiment, children aged 5 years were divided into three groups. Each group was shown a film in which one child fought with another for toys. It is important that the content of the film for each group of children had its own characteristics. In the first film, the attacker won, receiving sweets as a reward and taking all the toys. At the same time, at the end of the film, the commentator announced his victory. In the second film, the attacker was defeated and punished. In the third, children played without showing aggression. The children were then placed in a special playroom and covertly monitored for 20 minutes. Observations showed that children in the group who were familiar with the reward aggressive behavior pattern were twice as likely to imitate aggressive behavior as those who did not.

The impact of "television violence" on the minds of people was also studied on the basis of the theory of catharsis. Catharsis is understood as an emotional shock, a state of inner purification caused in the viewer of an ancient tragedy as a result of a special experience for the hero's fate, which, as a rule, ended in his death. Experimental studies of the supporters of this theory have recorded that viewers included in viewing materials of aggressive content subsequently themselves to a greater extent became prone to aggressive manifestations. For example, in the United States in 1998, four universities conducted research commissioned by the National Cable Television Association and came to the conclusion that a little more and the evening programs of American television will merge into one endless action and horror movie. Every preschooler in the United States experiences about 500 violent episodes a year. Most of them are contained in cartoons. “Children learn through them that violence is a way to resolve conflict,” says University of California professor Dale Kunkel. The situation is similar in Spain. According to Eduardo Rodriguez, professor of communications at the University of Valencia, the average young Spaniard has witnessed nearly 8,000 fatal crimes and nearly 100,000 other acts shown on television after graduating from elementary school. Foreign criminologists, assessing the above figures, directly link the growth of juvenile and youth crime with the negative influence of television. As the American sociologist Delores Tucker noted, “children are a sponge that absorbs what they see and hear. When they see that crime is extolled and advertised as something worthy of imitation, they will imitate it. "

On the coverage of crime problems in the print media

The characterization of the reflection of the problem of crime in the media is the starting point for answering any question about the activities of the media in this area, just as these states of crime are the starting point for any criminological research as a whole. Indeed, in the beginning it is necessary to understand what the media is or is not “communicating” to the consumer - recipient, and only then can the effect of this influence be measured, influence the media, etc.

Moreover, the data on this must be verified, representative, potentially informative. This is achieved by conducting a specific sociological study of the corresponding block of messages in the media and by theoretical generalization of data.

In order to give answers to questions regarding the coverage of crime problems in the print media, the dissertation candidate conducted a sociological study. First of all, its tasks were formulated: clarification of the real place in the media in the formation of public opinion on this issue, as well as in relation to the activities of law enforcement agencies (primarily OVD) fighting crime; identification of the capabilities of the media in crime prevention.

To solve these research tasks, in turn, a list of various questions was determined, the answers to which made it possible to objectively judge the state of coverage of crime problems in the media (for example, such questions: how much materials on crime were provided in the media? What emotional background prevails in the materials when What is the position of journalists in the preparation of publications? What are the reasons for their assessments? What are the typical mistakes of journalists when writing these materials?

As an object of research, the content of the aggregate of newspaper publications for the period from January 1, 1997 to May 2001 was studied. In total, the content of 4153 newspaper materials was analyzed.

Selection of analyzed sources of information. The rating of a particular publication and the specifics of its political orientation were taken into account. On this basis, the following press organs were selected: a) official sources of legislative and executive power ("Rossiyskaya Gazeta", "Parlamentskaya Gazeta"); b) newspapers opposition to the existing state power in the Russian Federation (“Soviet Russia”, “Tomorrow”, “Pravda”, “Pravda-5”); c) democratic newspapers (Komsomolskaya Pravda, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Trud, Trud-7, Novaya Gazeta); d) regional newspapers, "Tverskaya-13" (Moscow), "Mig" (Astrakhan). Newspapers of the radical directions of both the left (for example "Limonka") and the right political wing (for example, "Moskovsky Komsomolets") were not specially studied by us.

The materials published in newspapers entirely devoted to criminal topics (for example, "Criminal Chronicle", "Dangerous Headquarters", "Face-to-face confrontation"), as well as publications in departmental newspapers (for example, "Shield and Sword", "Novosti intelligence and counterintelligence "," Legal Bulletin "), since the circulation of these sources is limited, the publications in them are not newspaper, but magazine in nature (as a rule, these are weeklies, or generally come out once a month). Some of them are intended primarily for current employees of their departments or veterans of power structures (for example, "News of intelligence and counterintelligence").

For the study, a special questionnaire was developed (see Appendix 1, 2). Content analysis of the above materials was used as the main method of sociological research.

It should be noted that only those publications in which questions of criminal law and criminology were raised (at least one significant issue) were subjected to content analysis. Materials containing only information about the facts of the commission of crimes were not specially investigated by us.

About the directions of using the media in crime prevention

The high level, diverse and complicated nature of criminal manifestations force the state to seek new approaches to counter crime, to minimize its negative consequences. Therefore, it was no accident that law enforcement agencies, including the police department, turned to the preventive potential of the media. Therefore, it is important to determine the place of the media in the crime prevention system and the main directions for increasing their effectiveness in this area.

Before proceeding to the consideration of this problem, we note that under the prevention of crimes, we mean purposeful activity to identify and eliminate their causes, as well as to identify persons who may commit such acts, and to exert an appropriate influence on them.

In essence, it is a kind of branch of social services that solves the problems of ensuring the rule of law and law and order by specific methods.2 The use of mass media in crime prevention has been repeatedly considered by domestic criminologists.3

At the same time, such areas of general preventive use of the media were highlighted as: 1) elimination, blocking or neutralization of circumstances conducive to the commission of crimes; 2) prevention of criminal manifestations on the basis of specific orienting information about the methods of crimes and the persons who committed them; 3) showing the inevitability of punishment for the crime committed; 4) the creation of an atmosphere of intolerance, general condemnation around violators of law and order and persons who connive at them; 5) legal education of citizens; 6) dissemination of best practices and progressive forms of crime prevention; 7) increasing the authority of criminal justice bodies and public formations participating in the fight against offenses; 8) establishing the circumstances that are important for the disclosure, investigation of crimes and the search for criminals.

Without questioning the above approaches, it should be noted that in recent years both in the Russian Federation and abroad there has been a change in the role of the media in the life of society, their ability to seriously influence the mass consciousness, both positively and negatively, has increased. Naturally, when determining the content of the preventive function of the media, these circumstances should be taken into account.

In this regard, it is necessary to consider two problems: 1) reducing the contribution of the media to the formation of fear, tolerance of the population towards crime, the spread of crime; 2) search for effective use of mass media in crime prevention.

The problem of reducing the negative impact of the media was addressed at the 9th UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in May 1995, where the preparatory documentation noted the following: “All over the world there is a tendency of stereotypical coverage of issues related to crime by the media information. Research results indicate that there are at least three areas in which coverage of crime is substantially the same: coverage of predominantly violent crime; the coverage of crime issues distorts the effectiveness of the fight against crime and the prosecution of criminals by the police and courts; and, finally, most importantly, news coverage does not keep readers informed of the factors leading to crime or ways to prevent personal victimization. The latter problem is the most pressing, but it can also be addressed through follow-up at the United Nations level, which emphasizes in its work that there is a need to increasingly take into account the urgent need for education in crime prevention and criminal justice. reducing the risk of crime, fear of crime and levels of victimization "

It has been noted that the easiest way to attract the viewer is to appeal to hidden, repressed instincts and desires that are in the subconscious. Therefore, images that are forbidden for contemplation by cultural prohibitions are profitable goods for the media.

The list of such prohibited images includes showing death on television. From time immemorial, a complex ritual has been developed to show the deceased to people. But lately, Russian television has shown the death of people who have become victims of crimes almost every day. And even a kind of theoretical justification for this phenomenon is being put forward. Thus, the Western sociologist A. Moll notes: "Death is an undoubted value, since a person is happy to learn that someone has died, while he himself continues to live."

For the first time in history, Uzbek media journalists came together to agree on active coverage of the problem of violence in educational institutions in Uzbekistan. “Violence is not the norm” - this is the motto decided to promote the participants of the conference, organized by UNICEF on September 6 in Tashkent.

On September 5, the Uzbek children went to school. Many of them can in classrooms with violence from teachers, peers and psychological bullying. According to a UNICEF study, one child dies every five minutes as a result of violence on Earth. In schools around the world, 150 million children are subjected to violence and bullying, half of all students aged 13 to 15 on the planet.

Violence traumatizes all participants in this process - the organizers of the persecution, the victim, and the observers. Children lose self-esteem, their learning ability and attendance decrease. Systematic bullying and violence at school cripples the psychological state of the child and can deprive him of the possibility of future success.

UNICEF estimates that the entire planet loses $ 7 billion each year as abused and bullying children fail to fulfill their full potential after reaching maturity.

UNICEF staff spoke at the conference, presenting global mechanisms to combat bullying and violence, and also told reporters about methods of reporting on children's problems. Primary school teacher and defectologist Rano Makarenko spoke about the specifics of bullying in Uzbek schools and the necessary reforms.

“We need to convey to every parent that if your child is beaten and humiliated at school, this is not normal, you cannot put up with it. Beating and fighting will not make your child stronger and harder, they will only hurt him. Unfortunately, many parents not only approve of this kind of "upbringing", but also engage in domestic violence themselves. All this must be fought with the help of education, ”Rano Makarenko told Gazeta.uz.

She noted that in the schools of the country, bullying and violence are not amenable to publicity by students and teachers, they are hiding. Parents do not receive information about cases of violence, indifference and lack of professionalism on the part of school staff flourish.

As effective norms for combating violence, Rano Makarenko proposed training teachers in conflict management, introducing a social worker rate at school, relieving psychologists from unnecessary stress, creating a protocol for the school's response to violence, and securing school spaces by installing surveillance cameras everywhere.

Conference participants noted that bullying and school violence had not been widely covered in Uzbekistan before. It was believed that this problem did not exist. The journalists summed up the need to constantly raise the issue of school violence in the media and call for reforms, as well as educate teachers and parents.

Earlier we reported that the system of public education management is to be reformed. In particular, parents of pupils will be more in school management through supervisory boards. In addition, the inclusion of students with psychologists in the educational process.

Violence in the media is a topic of constant discussion. Serials, films and videotapes abound with scenes of violence. Whether we're dealing with Rambo, Class 84, or crime stories, violence is a regular feature in our media. Every day we can contemplate murder, attacks, fights, destruction on our TV screen. Children encounter these incarnations of horror at a very early age. Aggressive impulses are widely represented and various computer games in which people are killed, planes are shot down, or even atomic wars are staged. Games like this scare us. We are shocked that there is nothing better as a means for abreaction of our game need, except for watching these horrific events on the screen. Doesn't this have a destructive effect on our children, does it pass without a trace for their psyche?

The solution to this issue is causing heated discussions. According to research, showing scenes of violence on television leads to an increase in the "infection" of aggression. However, strictly speaking, research data only indicate an increase in excitability and propensity to participate in war games. It is not known whether children become more aggressive and uncontrollable in their daily lives. In connection with the question of the influence of the media on the psyche of children, the following can be said.

The decisive factor in this case is the nature of children's reaction to scenes of violence, their impression and the resulting psychological processes. It would be an oversimplification to think that a child is imitating the scenes seen on a television screen on a one-to-one scale. If examples were so contagious, schoolwork would be a tremendous success for children. Their reactions to the scenes of aggression broadcast on television are mixed. Immediate imitation is just one form of reaction.

Another well-known form of reaction is rejection. The scene of violence looks so repulsive that the child refuses to perceive it. He squeezes his eyes shut, focuses on the positive aspects of the film and ignores the violence. This behavior serves as his protection. This kind of spontaneous reaction is common in many children. The terrible is not fixed by consciousness.

The next form of reaction is virtualization: when they see a scene of violence, children ask themselves if they are dealing with reality or fiction. Establishing a film as a fiction allows them to watch it without harming their psyche. Everything that is played out before their eyes is not much different from a fairy tale. A terrifying story, chilling blood in the veins - it's true, but what does it have to do with reality? Children show an extraordinary sensitivity to falsehood and, therefore, the ability to distinguish the real from the fictional from a very early age. They easily distinguish what is genuine from what was written by the screenwriter. The violence seen in films tends to fall into the category of fictional. The negative impact of such scenes on the restraining centers is most often minimal, although they do give children some excitement.

The next form of reaction is disgust. Many children, when contemplating scenes of violence, think in moral categories: they are indignant, frightened, their rejection of violence is exacerbated. In the case of this type of reaction, children do not develop aggressive tendencies, but, on the contrary, a negative attitude towards violence. The film refreshes a problem that concerns them personally and which they have to solve for themselves.

Finally, there is a kind of behavior that boils down to imitation. Children in this category are looking for role models in films. What they see is realized by them. Three third-graders forcibly brought the girl to their home. Taking advantage of the absence of parents, they tied her to the bed and set out to "fuck" her. They had the most vague ideas about what it was. They, without undressing, tried to lie on top of the girl and make jerky movements.

It is clear that the corresponding scene in the video served as a model for this behavior. This case of imitation of rape without sexual activity as such is a consequence of the desire to imitate. The boys wanted to repeat the scene they had captured on video. The video awakened the dormant instincts in them.

Video production and scenes of violence recorded by the media are capable of influencing children's consciousness. The only question is, what is the actual degree of their impact and how much they contribute to the increase in aggressiveness. Do video films serve as a kind of school of aggressive behavior for children, or is their role simply reduced to abreaction of already accumulated aggressive impulses?

Three other third-graders kidnapped their classmate after school on Wednesday. They brought her to the farm and locked her in the rabbit pen. She was told that she would now be hanged. They pushed a piece of stale bread into the gap between the boards, sprinkled it with water, and said it was her dying meal. In front of the girl, numb with fear, they tied a rope to the crossbar of the ceiling and told her to get ready: her last hour had come.

Despite the fact that the boys eventually abandoned their intention, the experience of these actions was extremely difficult for the girl. When the boys were subsequently asked what prompted them to hang their classmate, they shyly replied, "A Sunday School Story." A Sunday school teacher told the children a story, each of the heroes of which was tied to a pillory and hung as punishment. Contrary to the teacher's intentions, the children made their own conclusion from history, deciding that this was a means of eliminating persons they disliked. Since they classified this girl as undesirable, it was decided to fulfill the plan.

However, the study of the life history of these boys revealed that they had already existing distinct aggressive tendencies. The leader of this group of boys, even in kindergarten, was distinguished by increased aggressiveness in communicating with his peers: once he violently hit one girl on the head with a jacket, she ran home crying and refused to return that day.

This example shows that the media are far from the only factor influencing the psyche of children; it would be oversimplified to attribute acts of violence solely to the negative impact of watching violent scenes. The aggressive tendencies that many children have and the pleasure they receive from their satisfaction pushes them to look for heroes, under the guise of which it would be easier for them to show their aggressive inclinations. Their aggressive potential is looking for a form for its exit. The determining factor is not the degree of the depicted violence, but the degree of the child's involvement in it, the angle from which he perceives it, the very nature of his perception. What are we dealing with: rejection, accentuation of the fictionalization of the staging followed by distancing, or do we have a clear desire to imitate? The notion that children blindly copy scenes of violence is psychologically naive and is based on a simplified understanding of the child's soul. The child's psyche is too multi-layered to absorb an aggressive impulse purely passively. She has at her disposal a whole spectrum of possible mental reactions - direct imitation of the rapist hero - just one of many. As a rule, it is associated with the presence of aggressive tendencies already existing in the child and his search for a hero, whose aggressive deeds could be imitated.

This case shows that the prototypes of the use of violence can be drawn from the most unexpected sources. It is a clear oversimplification to identify video films and the media as the main culprits in increasing the aggressiveness of children and adolescents. The imitation of video scenes does not prevent children from looking in their environment or in appropriate conditions among their loved ones for opportunities for abreaction of their latent aggressive tendencies. The depiction of scenes of violence in videos or in the media has a fatal impact only if they are required by the mind of a child who is looking for patterns for their behavior in the field of violence. With the exception of certain videos sold on the black market, which depict scenes shocking even adults, the effects of videos and media images on children's minds are relatively harmless in themselves. They produce a different effect on difficult, weak-willed and extremely aggressive children. If children with a healthy psyche, at the sight of something terrible on the screen, are characterized by either distancing (awareness of the unreality of what is shown on the screen), or repression or the desire to close their eyes to everything terrible visible on the screen, unbalanced children see this as a way out for their aggressive tendencies. While not the cause of childish aggression, media violence is nonetheless an excuse for some young people. Such children identify with Ninja or Homeboy because of their desire to find a role that allows them to react to latent aggressive tendencies. Horror films and media reports of disasters are sources of imagery and fantasy for desperate, socially disadvantaged and street children. The hope that the ban on horror films will stop the wave of violence is extremely naive. As already seen in the example of Sunday School, scenes, role-playing attitudes and images associated with the use of violence can be found in any setting. Children and adolescents with appropriate motivation look for them everywhere and strive to imitate them. The restraining centers suppress not only the images of horror films, but also the desire to imitate the scenes of violence seen. For children with a healthy psyche, encountering violence in the media does not immediately lead to the collapse of their moral superstructure.

Horror films and computer games place new demands on parents and teachers in terms of parenting. As we used to teach children how to behave on the street, we need to teach them how to handle these games and the media responsibly. Anathema to these games and horror films threatens to lose control over this world of the child's experiences and experiences. An overly moralizing attitude of adults that condemns this game leads to children avoiding any discussion of this topic with adults. Anxious and anxious attitude of adults seems to them hysteria. Due to the fact that the overwhelming number of children and adolescents have an unmistakable ability to distinguish reality from fiction, prohibitions and notations cause them nothing but yawn. “This is your problem,” they think to themselves, and calmly surrender to the allure of violence in these games. The only consequence of the intransigence and intransigence of parents is that children withdraw into themselves, having lost the desire to share their interests with their parents. Parents and educators get the opportunity to access this area of \u200b\u200binterest for their pets only if they do not interfere with anything. This means that instead of pulling out their hair and being horrified, they themselves get acquainted with the video production and take part in computer games, and only then discuss their experiences with the children. It's one thing to express your own admiration or horror, it's another thing to show what position you should take with regard to this method of killing time. The best should be recognized as a reasonable approach, in which computer games are perceived not as a satanic obsession, but as a form of pastime that allows one to feel aggressive tendencies and the charm of violence in oneself. Children should feel that parents, too, perceive violence in themselves as a possible stereotype of behavior and have to constantly suppress it.