15.06.2019

History of origami. The history of origami. A hobby for sophisticated women: the art of origami and its types

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History of origami

It is quite natural that origami arose in China, in ancient times, when paper was invented. But the development of this art took place in Japan. At first paper figures made exclusively for religious ceremonies. Gradually, this tradition passed into secular culture, although only very wealthy people could afford this activity.

According to some sources, the first origami figures were butterflies. They were made for the newlyweds' wedding; they symbolized the love and protection of spirits.

However, origami did not come to Europe from the East (Japan or China). It was brought to Spain by the rich Moors in the 11th century, and by the 15th century it had become traditional in the German lands. It has become a tradition to make a special origami figurine from a baptismal certificate for the happiness of the child, and in Spain XVII century A stable tradition arose of making the simplest forms in the form of a cap or bonnet, a boat, houses where painted dolls could live.

Since then, origami masters began to appear in the western part of the world. One of key points The development of origami began with Friedrich Froebel's proposal to introduce this art as a development course in kindergartens at the beginning of the 19th century.

In the 1960s, master Yoshizawa-Randlett developed a unified system symbols, which now help everyone who wants to do origami.

By the way, if you are interested in how real professionals work, then, of course, it is better to go to Japan. But to comprehend all the nuances and tricks of this art, you need to know the language. If you haven't mastered it yet, here's a great opportunity. right now!

Types and “children” of origami

Considered a modern achievement modular origami. It also does not use scissors and glue, but a large composition or “sculpture” is assembled from several integral figures (modules).

Types of origami:

Classic origami.
Simple origami - invented by British master John Smith.
Origami pattern - beginners start with it, since a drawing of all the folds has already been drawn on a sheet of paper. All a person can do is follow the markings and put everything together.
Wet folding was developed by Akira Yoshizawa, who wetted the paper to create smooth shapes. This especially helps if you want to make flowers or animals.

Origami paper

Almost any paper is suitable for origami, but many masters and beginners work with special “kami” paper in the shape of a square from 2.5 to 25 cm or more. It can be either completely white or one-sided colored.

For more graphic figures, such as a crane, regular writing paper is suitable. But heavier types of paper are suitable for wet origami, and they are considered more durable. Foil paper (sandwich) perfectly maintains the shape of the figure and looks elegant.

In Japan itself, origami is made from stiff washi paper. It is made from Edgeworthia papyrifera (“ paper tree", bark is used), the fibers of which give the wood pulp special stability and rigidity. The figures made from it look like toys.

Origami and science

It’s hard not to notice the severity in origami geometric shape, but professionals and researchers see in this art not only the interaction between author and viewer, but also a synthesis of science and creativity. Firstly, origami is a workout for the mind. Secondly, people who know how to do origami at least a little are capable of non-trivial solutions, they develop the ability to look at a problem in a non-standard way.

This is what concerns the positive impact on a person, but what about the more exact sciences? The subject of very serious research by mathematicians was the “flat bend” dilemma. The question was: Can a fold pattern be folded into a model in two dimensions? Barry Hayes and Marshall Burnom have shown that "composing flat model is NP-complete." This was proven not by simple folding of paper, but mathematical formulas and calculations.

Basics of origami. Rules and notations

As we have already mentioned, there is a generally accepted scheme of bending (folding) signs, but strangely enough, not everyone can immediately master it. Very often, a novice origamist gets confused by the rules. There are, of course, craftsmen who manage to fold without diagrams, but we assure you that this does not develop into art, but remains at the initial level.

The basics and rules are the basis, without them the master is illiterate. The priority ones are the “valley” bend - the corner is directed towards itself, and, depending on the “movement” of the fold, the “mountain” - the corner goes away from itself. “Valley” is indicated by hatching, and “mountain” by dotted lines.

The tip of the arrow indicates the direction of the fold. Sometimes the markings are multi-colored, in which case you still need to know the sequence of colors (folds). In the diagrams, invisible sides are often indicated (dotted lines).

In the initial position, a lot of folds appear on the sheet. These folds also have a designation, just like folds. The difference is that the arrows to indicate them are bidirectional, and they are indicated only once.

Closed arrows suggest turning the sheet into the plane of the working side, or, simply put, turning it over.

A spiral arrow means that you need to turn the sheet along the vertical axis with the other side.

A straight arrow with strokes indicates the repetition of an action according to the number of strokes on the arrow. And these folds need to be made with elements that are symmetrical to each other.

Set of forms

Of course, there is a set-base of shapes from which many figures are composed. In general, 15 forms can be distinguished and divided into: simple, medium, complex, pancake.

in the form of a book;
in the form of a triangle;
in the form of a kite;
in the form of a door.

in the form of a double triangle;
in the form of a double square;
in the form of a fish;
in the form of a pancake.

in the form of a catamaran;
in the form of a frog;
in the form of a house;
in the form of a bird.

Pancakes:

in the form of a pancake frog;
in the form of a pancake double square;
in the form of a water pancake bomb.

Scheme "Crane"

For example, consider the shape of the classic bird, because it is the basis for many beautiful shapes.

First, fold a double square and make folds at each corner, they are necessary so that the corners are inside. The result is a figure that vaguely resembles a bird; it serves as an impetus for imagination and offers a kind of rebus in which you have to decide what to do next.

Select the neck, making it thin, then proceed to the tail. The head is distinguished by the curving of the neck, wings and tail. You can grab the places marked with dots, stretch them slightly, and the crane will flap its wings.

The words "god" and "paper" are similar in Japanese.

Who doesn't know the myth of 1000 cranes: if you love in your heart and with all responsibility, fold a thousand paper cranes, and then give them to the people around you and receive a thousand smiles from them in return - all your wishes will come true.

For some time now paper cranes became a symbol of deliverance from nuclear war and combating radiation sickness. But at the very beginning, before all forms, when they were yet to be discovered, invented, cognized, origami in its simplest form served to scare away evil spirits.

Gofu amulets served to attract good luck. Offerings were brought to the gods in paper boxes, and the more intricate the box, the more favorable the gods and spirits would be.

And in one, the most important legend about the Sun Goddess - Amaterasu, from whom all emperors descend, it says this:

Amaterasu was upset about something and hid in a cave, thereby hiding the light of the sun from all living things. To lure the goddess, other gods hung Gohei amulets on the tree and placed future regalia of the emperors there. There were also such offerings: a necklace made of jasper Yasakani-no-magatama, a mirror Yata-no-kagami, roosters and much more. And for greater persuasiveness, the goddess Ame-no-uzume began to dance the kagura dance to the general laughter of the other gods. Amaterasu became interested and looked out of the cave. She was grabbed by the arm and pulled out, quickly closing the entrance to the cave.

These Gohei amulets were the first paper figures - origami.

When origami moved into secular circles, it became part of education, and every respected aristocrat was obliged to know at least the basics.

Very often lovers sent loved ones love notes in the form of an origami flower or a crane. And origami butterflies symbolized transformation, transformation, which is why they were given as gifts for weddings. Wedding butterflies symbolized the bride and groom who were destined to become husband and wife.

But classic origami acquired its foundations only after paper became more or less cheap. Exactly simple people established traditions and elevated paper folding to the level of an art. Skills were passed on female line and acquired its own distinctive features. Based on the seemingly identical figures, one could understand which province they were from.

Mastery

The flexibility of mind that exists in early childhood, is lost as one grows older. To prevent it from getting lost, there are many practices. But origami is one of the oldest and one of the most accessible. Here you need an internal “meter” that helps you bend exactly the piece of paper you need at a time.

Each of us has folded an airplane at least once in our lives and knows that an eye is not enough. What is needed is an inner feeling, similar to tactile vision, wisdom.

Just think about it, it’s difficult to do what is already known, but what were those people like? Discoveries in origami appeared along with the knowledge of new things. For example, you can’t make a giraffe out of paper without ever seeing the animal. You cannot create a modular copy of a molecule without knowing what it is.

Modernity and new symbols

New symbolism is easy modern interpretation forgotten old Not everyone understands Japanese philosophy and mythology, but everyone understands origami, which is transformed every time according to its time, but remains unchanged at its core.

This is one of the most honest arts, in which there is no room for pretense. If you smeared glue somewhere or used scissors, this is not origami, and you know it. It may be hidden from others, but you are not a master if you lie to yourself.

And the main thing in origami is that nothing is final. The same sheet of paper can be a frog, a dog, a portrait, a tree... The form is only final when the figurine becomes a gift.

After Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the famous crane acquired new meaning. Radiation sickness has made a person comparable in fragility to an origami figurine that cannot escape from fire. And even thousands of thousands of cranes did not save anyone, but they strengthened faith in humanity. And she can do a lot. Therefore, do origami, develop yourself, believe in the best!

What role does origami play in your life? Are there many masters or beginners among our readers? How do you feel about this art and what does it mean to you? It will be interesting to read your comments.

Origami is one of the famous cultural phenomena of Japan, but to get acquainted with other aspects, as well as the Japanese language, we recommend that you go through ours.

Most of what we do or create now rarely goes beyond the boundaries of the computer. Yes, in general it’s cool, and technology has greatly simplified our lives, but sometimes you want to do something with your own hands. One way to feel good about creating something tangible is origami.

I think everyone knows what it is - creating figures from sheets of paper, to put it simply. Nowadays you will never meet a person who has not seen such a crane, which has long become a symbol of the ancient Japanese art of paper folding.

A little history

This art originated in China because paper was invented there. But it developed and became widespread in Japan and at first was of a purely religious nature. Later paper figures became an integral attribute holidays and weddings - they decorated the room and even gave them as gifts.

With the advent of the samurai, origami became part of their way of life. The warriors folded their messages on paper in such a way that only an informed person could unfold them. The nobility also did not lag behind - every self-respecting man had to be able to entertain his companion by folding paper into an intricate composition.

Modular origami

But let's return to our reality. Now origami as a hobby is not widespread among adult audiences for obvious reasons, although quite often you can see the same cranes at weddings. The principle of folding such figures is quite simple - they are rolled up from a single sheet of paper without the use of scissors and glue. Achieving an acceptable result will require practice and a good amount of patience.

But you can start getting acquainted with ancient art with another type - modular origami. At first glance, the figures seem very difficult to make, but this is far from the case. All of them consist of “modules” - identical units that are connected to each other in a certain order, thereby forming a complete work. It’s worth mastering the technique of folding one module (by the 20th, everything will work out exactly) and you can do it without special labor create voluminous beautiful figures.

What will you need?

First of all, patience and perseverance. Although the process of folding modules is quite simple, you will need several hundred of them.

Paper

For training and testing, you can take a regular office A4 size, it will turn out great White Swan. Have you tried it and liked it? Then feel free to go to the nearest office in search of special paper for origami. Its density is slightly lower than printing paper, which makes the process of folding easier, plus the modules from it come out more neat and compact. As a rule, the package contains sheets different color, which greatly diversifies the choice of figures for creativity.

Lessons and schemes

The choice here is very large - there is now just a ton of material on the Internet that will help you assemble anything without difficulty and special knowledge. Personally, I liked this site. It contains a large number of clear and sensible diagrams for assembling not only modular origami, but all its other types.

Spend a few evenings with paper and your favorite music - great way relax, put your thoughts in order and take a break from this rather boring computer. In addition, the result of your work will not be long in coming, which cannot but give strength and inspiration to create more complex models.

Carefully assembled modular origami from multicolored paper reminds beautiful flower, which can be a gift for a loved one.

And also, on this channel there is a mass detailed lessons on creating complex origami.

Expand your circle of hobbies and believe in yourself!

Origami is the Japanese art of paper folding, derived from the Japanese oru (to fold) and kami (paper).

Despite the fact that the paper itself appeared in China, it was in Japan that they figured out how to fold amazingly beautiful figures out of it. Perhaps the fact that in Japanese the words “paper” and “god” are very similar also played a role here.

Origami is one of the most accessible arts, because in order to fold the figure you only need a piece of paper. Standard origami paper should be thin, durable, and should hold wrinkles well. It is usually white on one side and colored on the other and has the shape of a square with a side of 15 cm. Some origami artists also experiment with other materials, using cardboard for folding, different kinds fabrics, wire mesh, metal sheets, etc.

Many origamists love to fold animal models, as well as all objects of wildlife. In addition to animal models, models of almost all physical objects have been created, including people, faces, plants, vehicles, buildings, etc. Some origami artists fold abstract or mathematical shapes, others specialize in modular origami, where many simple parts are folded.

Origami was originally used in religious rites. For a long time this type of art was available only to representatives of the upper classes, where a sign good manners had mastery of paper folding techniques. Only after the Second World War did origami go beyond the East and come to America and Europe, where it immediately found its fans.

Today, the art of origami is experiencing another peak of popularity all over the world, and new directions of origami and areas of its application have been discovered. Thus, mathematicians use the basics and principles of this art to solve geometric and topological problems, and architects and builders saw in origami design opportunities for creating multifaceted structures from a flat sheet. For psychologists, origami is one of the areas of art therapy, since origami is able to influence emotional sphere person.

Basic forms

Art training origami must begin not only with individual elements of products, but also with the “school of origami” - with basic forms. You should have a good knowledge of the basic basic shapes of products, which will allow you to understand the outlines and nature of the item being manufactured, and when creating your own products, choose the most suitable one. suitable option bases. One important classic approach to the development of origami lies in the concept of the base. The base is a simple folded shape that can be developed into many different figures. The formal concept of a base in origami was not developed until the early 1900s; most traditional shapes were created based on one of eleven classical base shapes, and origami developers in the mid-1900s typically relied on the base as a starting point. We'll look at these 11 forms next. The four basic shapes come from Eastern culture - kite base, fish base, bird base and frog base. The basis of the catamaran has Western roots. The pancake base is simple enough to appear in both cultures. The water bomb base and double square were also used in both cultures. The latter are actually inverted versions of each other. The folds made to create these shapes bisect corners and edges much more often than any other arbitrary method. From basic shapes you can make many shapes, both flat and three-dimensional. Some basic forms are intermediate stage when performing more complex bases. For example, from the “square” base you can make the basic shapes “crane” and “frog”. Basic shapes can also be used as independent geometric figures when solving various geometric problems in primary school. Folding basic shapes helps children learn concepts such as triangle, square, trapezoid, rectangle; solve problems on topics: parallel lines, intersection of lines, division of a segment, division of an angle, area.

The names of the basic forms are the same in many countries, although these are purely conventional names and there may be variations. Triangle is one of the two simplest basic forms. In order to fold it, you only need to make one fold - draw the diagonal of the square. A book is the next simple basic form. As with folding a triangle, we only need to make one fold. Door - the basic shape of a door comes from a book. Kite- another fairly simple basic shape. It comes from a triangle. Damn - The folds of this shape seem very simple, but in my opinion it is one of the most promising basic shapes. Please note that by folding the square, we again come to a square. This means we can put it into one of the basic shapes. These base shapes are called pancake base shapes. Fish - The name speaks for itself. In front of you is a head, a tail and two fins. All that remains is to give them the required form. Double triangle - Another name for double triangle is water bomb. Double Square - If you turn a double square inside out, you get a double triangle. House - the name was chosen based on appearance figurines. Bird - A bird has wings, a head and a tail. This basic form also has them. Catamaran - a pajarita is very easily made from this shape. And also a lot of kusuda. Frog - from this shape you can make both a frog and a flower. From the basic shape “Crane” you can create: a horse, a crane, a stork, an elephant, a cow, reindeer, monkey, crow, spaniel, sparrow, grasshopper, dragonfly, Buddha mask, standing crane, star... From the basic “Hat” shape you can create: gorilla, sombrero, frog, sea turtle, flowers, bat, rocket... From the basic shape “Camel” you can make: giraffe, camel, hare, kangaroo, squirrel, baby elephant, swan, carp, sheep, deer, Death mask, donkey, flowers... From the basic shape “Pony” you can make: jumping pony , lantern, Japanese opera masks, hydrangea, photo frames, ornament... Naturally, a deer made from the basic “Crane” form will differ from a deer made from the basic “Camel” form, not only in the technique of execution, but also in capabilities of that basic form. TO basic forms One can also include modules that serve as the basis for the manufacture of not only geometric and architectural forms, but also the creation of figurines of animals, birds and flowers. The number of modules used to make a figurine can vary from four to several hundred. Basically, they are held together without the help of glue; for this purpose, the modules have various combinations pockets and valves. The main requirement for modules is their complete identity. Even small deviations in size often lead to the impossibility of assembling the product.

Classic origami

Classic origami is made from a square sheet of paper.

There is a certain set of conventional signs necessary in order to sketch the folding diagram of even the most complex product. Most of the conventional signs were introduced into practice in the middle of the 20th century by the famous Japanese master Akira Yoshizawa (1911-2005).

Classic origami requires the use of one square, evenly colored sheet of paper without glue or scissors. Contemporary art forms sometimes depart from this canon.

Paper and other materials

Although almost any one is suitable for folding sheet material, the choice of the latter greatly influences both the folding process and the final appearance of the model.

Suitable for simple models such as a crane or a water bomb plain paper for printer 70-90 g/m². Heavier grades of paper (over 100 g/m²) can be used for wet folding.

There is also special paper for origami, often called “kami” (paper in Japanese), which is sold immediately in the form of squares, whose side dimensions vary from 2.5 cm to 25 cm or more. Usually one side of such paper is white and the other is colored, but there are also two-color varieties and varieties with ornaments. Origami paper is slightly lighter than printer paper, which makes it suitable for a wide range of figurines.

Foil paper, or “sandwich” as it is often called, is a thin sheet of foil glued to thin sheet paper, sometimes the foil is covered with paper on both sides. This material has the important advantage that it holds its shape very well and allows you to work out small details.

In Japan itself, the dominant material for origami is a type of paper called washi (Japanese: 和紙?). Washi is stiffer than regular paper made from wood pulp and is used in many traditional arts. Washi is usually made from fibers from the bark of Edgeworthia papyrifera, but can also be made from bamboo, hemp, rice and wheat.

Paper size

Most often, square sheets of paper are used for origami, but other formats are also allowed. For example, rectangular sheets (A format or half squares), triangles, pentagons, hexagons and octagons. There are even models folded from a circle.

Math in origami

The practice and study of origami touches on several areas of mathematics. For example, the problem of plane bending (whether a fold pattern can be bent into a two-dimensional model) has been the subject of serious mathematical study.

The word origami comes from two words “ori” meaning “folding” and kami meaning “paper”. This is the traditional Japanese art of folding various paper sculptures, which in our time has spread widely across all continents and countries.

Origami became a significant part of Japanese ceremonies by the beginning of the Heian period (the period in Japanese history from 794 to 1185). The samurai exchanged gifts decorated with folded paper tapes elements symbolizing good luck.

Paper butterflies were used during wedding celebrations. They signified the union of the bride and groom.

Independent paper folding traditions existed in China, Korea, Germany and Spain. European traditions Paper folding is less documented than eastern folding, but it is known that papermaking technology reached the Arabs around the 8th century AD. BC, the Moors brought paper to Spain around the 11th century. From this time in Spain and from the 15th century in Germany, paper folding began to develop. As in Japan, paper folding was also part of ceremonies in Europe. The custom of folding in a special way Baptismal certificates were popular in central Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. At the beginning of the 19th century, Friedrich Froebel made a huge contribution to the development of paper folding, offering this activity as an educational activity in kindergartens for the development of children's motor skills.

In the 1960s, with the introduction of the Yoshizawa-Randlett notation systems, the art of origami began to spread throughout the world. Around the same years, modular origami became widespread. At the moment, origami has truly become an international art.

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